in developing countries such as iran it was after economic crises and the increase in price of energy carriers and primary resources that industrial ecology was taken into consideration as a method in industrial states. 941 industrial states in iran have a high potential in creating material and energy flow networks with the industrial ecology approach to prevent massive energy loss and valuabl...

resilience thinking in urban environment has been recently proposed as an effective measure to realize the objectives of sustainable development, minimize uncertainties and non linear interactions. this concept, in the context of modern urban ecology makes it possible to integrate natural and human factors and in urban systems and understanding the interactions between them, expanding sustainab...

the genus cyrtopodion is the most widely distributed of the four gekkonid genera of the angular-toed geckos that inhabit pakistan and the contiguous palearctic region (szczerbak & golubev 1996), from the indus valley to the eastern borders of the caspian sea. longitudinal rows of trihedral tubercles characteristically line the dorsum of these angular-toed geckos. they primarily inhabit arid...

two snail species belonging to genus lymnaea, l.auricularia and l.gedrosiana, were collected from 6 different districts of shadegan area of khoozestan. eight percent of the total collections of the snails revealed the occurrence of larva in them. the prevalence of larva within the snails varied in different districts may be due to different geoclimatic conditions and availability of fresh water...

These little books are three out of a series of ten with which the publishers hope to capture some of the market provided by elementary college biology courses. The notion of a large number of paperbacks replacing a single, hard-bound text has a certain number of theoretical advantages, two of which I would like to mention. The first, which is almost always pointed out in publishers' advance no...

Contents 1. Introduction 2. Microbial ecology of the seas and oceans 2.1. Functional groups of marine microorganisms 2.2. Important biogeochemical cycles in marine environments 3. Microbial ecology of freshwater 3.1 Biodiversity of microorganisms in freshwater environments 3.2 Food webs in freshwater environments 4. Microbial ecology of lakes 5. Microbial ecology of running waters 6. Microbial ...

BACKGROUND Soil ecology has produced a huge corpus of results on relations between soil organisms, ecosystem processes controlled by these organisms and links between belowground and aboveground processes. However, some soil scientists think that soil ecology is short of modelling and evolutionary approaches and has developed too independently from general ecology. We have tested quantitatively...