Professor Crawford 2 " The ordinary means therefore to increase our wealth and treasure is by foreign trade, wherein we must ever observe this rule; to sell more to strangers yearly than we consume of theirs in value. " Thomas Mun, 1664. The movement of goods and services across borders has been a concern for as long as nation-states have existed. Now, in today's modern society of globalization...

Over the last couple of decades, there has been a growing awareness in academic and policymaking circles regarding the importance of institutions for economic development. Institutions constitute the rules of the game in a society or, more precisely, the restrictions designed by members of a society to influence human interaction. Any transformation affecting these rules may clearly have a dire...

There are strong theoretical arguments for the creation of advance-purchase agreements to increase incentives for the development and production of vaccines for diseases concentrated in low-income countries. A Center for Global Development working group recently concluded that such agreements could be implemented successfully. We consider the practical economic and legal arrangements for such a...

The aim of this section is to: (a) clarify what justifies the inclusion of contingency measures in trade agreements; (b) provide an account of all circumstances when a suspension of commitments may make economic sense; and (c) identify the f lexibility measures built into WTO agreements. The section provides a framework for the discussion of specific contingency measures in the subsequent secti...

Twenty-fi ve years after fi ve States ratifi ed the Schengen Agreements, twenty-fi ve countries have now signed up to this treaty, including Switzerland on 12 December 2008. The Schengen Area now includes twenty-two members of the European Union and three associated States. As decreed by the Schengen Agreements, the principle of the free circulation of people and goods linked to economic growth...

Making agreements on how to behave has been shown to be an evolutionarily viable strategy in one-shot social dilemmas. However, in many situations agreements aim to establish long-term mutually beneficial interactions. Our analytical and numerical results reveal for the first time under which conditions revenge, apology and forgiveness can evolve and deal with mistakes within ongoing agreements...

The imperative to increase seafood supply while dealing with its overfished local stocks has pushed the European Union (EU) and its Member States to fish in the Exclusive Economic Zones of other countries through various types of fishing agreements for decades. Although European public fishing agreements are commented on regularly and considered to be transparent, this is the first global and h...

The existing economics literature on international trade agreements focuses tariff covering in goods and explains core features of the General Agreement Tariffs Trade (GA...

We compare the performance of European Union (EU) and Chinese fisheries access agreements with West African countries in terms of illegal and unreported fishing, economic equity, and patterns of exploitation. Bottom-up re-estimations of catch reveal that the EU (1.6 million t•year(-1)) and China (2.3 million t•year(-1)) report only 29% and 8%, respectively, of their estimated total catches (inc...