Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) emerged in the neurosciences in the late 1970s to early 1980s and has extended to influence the fields of psychology, psychiatry, endocrinology, physiology, and the biomedical research community. This review documents the journey of PNI from the early 1980s to the present. Today, we recognize that the highly complex immune system interacts with an equally complex ner...

In Sweden, in 2001, a national inquiry into teaching and learning in Higher Education identifi ed Educational Developers as a strategic tool for the improvement of university teaching. Th is somewhat double-edged honour raised questions about the enterprise for Educational Development. On one hand it carried an invitation to power, but also a threat of an alienation from the teachers’ perspecti...

Insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs) have become a central tool for malaria control because they provide personal and community-wide protection through their repellent and insecticidal properties. Here we propose a model that allows to assess the relative importance of those two effects in different epidemiological contexts and we show that these two levels of protection may oppose each other. O...

Various Mexican federal and state government agencies dealing with indigenous affairs are trying to establish control over traditional medicine and by recognizing it achieve cost decreases for health care directed towards Indian groups, bolstering it as a first-care level. The result is that the community absorbs the costs of medical care, leading to a reduction in the number of patients seekin...

chemotherapy or HIV. Therefore, flight attendants and others say that airplane cabin air should be held to higher standards than workplaces. Pressure from passengers may be a major contributing factor in encouraging airlines to increase fresh air. In the August issue of Consumer Reports, airlines were ranked according to levels of carbon dioxide in airplane cabins and criticized for the low amo...

Diverse boards have been seen as providing impetus for initiating change. However, diversity may introduce conflict and impede decision-making, which could hinder the ability of the firm to make strategic change, especially in times when firm performance is low. Integrating threat-rigidity theory and team diversity research, we examine how board gender diversity, firm performance, and the power...

Unlike most chronic illnesses which have been declining or stabilizing in prevalence, incidence of type 2 diabetes has been increasing in the Western Hemisphere, and is now increasing at alarming rates in Asia1. While all causes of these increases cannot be identified, without question the increase in adiposity is an important contributor. The latter is due to increased caloric intake and reduc...

Anti-infectives, including antibiotics, are essentially different from all other drugs; they not only affect the individual to whom they are given but also the entire community, through selection for resistance to their own action. Thus, their use resides at the intersection of personal and public health. Antibiotics can be likened to a four-edged sword against bacteria. The first two edges of ...

Living in an institution associated with HIV and AIDS is likely to exacerbate difficulties experienced by teenagers who have to cope with the normal stresses of adolescence. The aim of the study was to explore the challenges that adolescents living at Nkosi's Haven encounter and whether they experience any problems when interacting with their peers and other members of the community. The study ...