We describe a common but neglected pattern of linguistic exceptions, which involve “distributional encroachment.” This occurs when the distribution of allomorphs is determined by phonological context, but a few exceptional forms take the “wrong” allomorph. For learning algorithms, this can complicate the task of identifying distributions. We present an algorithm for learning allomorph distribut...

Shrub encroachment is one of the major phenomena grassland degradation throughout world. One largest areas found in Central Asia. This area playing an important role for biodiversity and food security, especially a context climate change. While sustainable land management critical to avoid shrub encroachment, dynamics such are often unclear, remote areas. We assessed spatial temporal Suusamyr v...

Vertebroplasty, a surgical procedure developed by Galibert and Deramond in 1987, involves the injection of bone cement into a collapsed vertebral body. The main indications of vertebroplasty have been extended to painful osteoporotic compression fractures, vertebral myelomas, and metastases and so on. Several previous studies have evaluated the radiological changes in vertebral body height, kyp...

Woody plant encroachment in savannas may alter carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) pools over the longterm, which could have regional or global biogeochemical implications given the widespread encroachment observed in the vast savanna biome. Soil and litter %C and %N were surveyed across four soil types in two encroached, semiarid savanna landscapes in northern South Africa. Litter at sampling points w...

Turner, J.S. and P.G. Krannitz. 2000. Tree encroachment in the south Okanagan and lower Similkameen valleys of British Columbia. In Proceedings, From science to management and back: a science forum for southern interior ecosystems of British Columbia. C. Hollstedt, K. Sutherland, and T. Innes (editors). Southern Interior Forest Extension and Research Partnership, Kamloops, B.C., pp. 81–3. Tree ...

OBJECTIVE To determine the incidence of high jugular bulb in a group of patients with definite Ménière's disease, and to investigate whether the position or size of the jugular bulb is significantly different in the affected ear than in the unaffected ear. METHODS Retrospective review of patient charts, audiograms, and computed tomography scans to determine the position and size of the jugula...

Junipers (Juniperus spp.) are native woody shrubs that have expanded beyond their normal historical ranges in the western and southwestern United States since the late 1800s. Most ecologists and resource managers agree that juniper has become a deleterious native invasive plant that threatens other vegetation ecosystems, such as grasslands, through a steady encroachment and ultimate domination....

Philosophical discussions of knowledge typically examine what makes a true belief knowledge. Traditionally those discussions involve the notions of reliability, safety, evidence, or justification (among others), notions labelled ‘epistemic’ since they seem to matter to whether one knows. But many epistemologists now argue that traditionally non-epistemic factors can play a crucial role in wheth...

Juniper ; encroachment into shrub steppe and grassland systems is one of the most prominent changes occurring in rangelands of western North America. Most studies on juniper change are conducted over small areas, although encroachment is occurring across large regions. Development of image-based methods to assess juniper encroachment over large areas would facilitate rapid monitoring and identi...