BACKGROUND Tobacco control strategies have mainly targeted reducing demand. Supply-side focused measures, though less familiar, deserve consideration, particularly to achieve 'endgame' tobacco control aims (e.g. achieving close to zero smoking prevalence). We explored attitudes towards supply-side focused 'endgame' tobacco control approaches and how they can be best communicated with senior pol...

The chess endgame is increasingly being seen through the lens of, and therefore effectively defined by, a data ‘model’ of itself. It is vital that such models are clearly faithful to the reality they purport to represent. This paper examines that issue and systems engineering responses to it, using the chess endgame as the exemplar scenario. A structured survey has been carried out of the intri...

Irish writer Samuel Beckett’s play Endgame portrays the living situation of only four survivors in their waste world after World War II. It reflects postwar trauma suffered by human beings as well neglect and disregard culture, revealing westerners’ survival psychological crisis The theme influence underlies seemingly absurd dialogues play. emptiness hopelessness embodied characters are a refle...

The chess endgame domain provides a continuing challenge as a benchmark for the study of concept learning. The King and Rook against King (KRK) endgame is simple in chess terms but provides concept learning tasks which can be demanding, as evidenced in previous studies by a number of authors. For learning systems these tasks have highlighted problems of representation, such as the ability to ex...

Some 50,000 Win Studies in Chess challenge White to find an effectively unique route to a win. Judging the impact of less than absolute uniqueness requires both technical analysis and artistic judgment. Here, for the first time, an algorithm is defined to help analyse uniqueness in endgame positions objectively. The key idea is to examine how critical certain positions are to White in achieving...

The tobacco endgame concept reorients discussion away from the persistent control of tobacco toward plans for ending the tobacco epidemic, and envisions a tobacco-free future. A variety of policy approaches have been proposed, with many offered prior to the introduction of the unifying term 'endgame'. We conducted a qualitative synthesis of the literature on tobacco control endgames, and drew o...