www.thelancet.com Vol 381 March 2, 2013 717 The story of Basil Hetzel’s fi ght against iodine defi ciency begins in 1964, in the highland villages of Papua New Guinea. A medical scientist with an interest in thyroid disorders, Hetzel had been invited by the country’s Public Health Department to investigate the goitre and cretinism that was prevalent in the mountain communities. Witnessing the s...

Th e electricity generating effi ciency is the energy in the net electricity generated divided by the energy in the fuel used to generate that electricity on an all-in basis. Higher effi ciency means less coal consumed and reduced emissions per unit of electricity. Th e chemical energy in the fuel can be expressed as either its Lower Heating Value (LHV) or its Higher Heating Value (HHV) [5]. In...

data envelopment analysis (dea) is an eciency measurement tool for evaluation of similar decision making units (dmus). in dea, weights are assigned to inputs and outputs and the absolute eciency score is obtained by the ratio of weighted sum of outputs to weighted sum of inputs. in traditional dea models, this measure is also equivalent with relative eciency score which evaluates dmus in com...

This paper deals with the optimal time to invest in an energy e¢ ciency enhancement. There is a broad consensus that such investments quickly pay for themselves in lower energy bills and spared emission allowances. However, investments that at …rst glance seem worthwhile usually are not undertaken. Our aim is to shed some light on this issue. In particular, we try to assess these projects from ...

Malnutrition, including micronutrient defi ciencies, is the leading risk factor for child mortality in low-income and middle-income countries. About 30% of the world’s population has zinc defi ciency (fi gure). This defi ciency occurs because zinc is mainly contained in foods such as red meat that are expensive and in short supply in developing countries. Moreover, zinc has no tissue reserves, ...

A new coronavirus infection poses a challenge to infectious disease specialists, health care administrators, and subspecialty physicians in the search for most eff ective treatment options. The past year has allowed us clarify main aspects of pathogenesis with focus on severe versions COVID-19 course. Most signifi cant is understand that course associated prolonged viremia T-cell lymphocyte def...

A conceptual framework for crop production effi ciency was derived using thermodynamic effi ciency concept, in order to generate a tool for performance evaluation of agricultural systems and to quantify the interference of determining factors on this performance. In Thermodynamics, effi ciency is the ratio between the output and input of energy. To establish this relationship in agricultural sy...

A new method of T eff determination for CP stars is proposed. The method is based on the fact that the slope of the energy distribution in the Balmer continuum near the Balmer jump is identical for " normal " main sequence stars and for CP stars with the same T eff. It is shown that the T eff of CP stars derived by this method are in good agreement with those derived by other methods.

During the 16th and 17th centuries maize, a New World cereal defi cient in niacin (vitamin B3 or PP), replaced cereals of higher economic and nutritional value in the staple diet of the poor in Southern Europe. As a consequence of quasi-monophagic maize porridge-based diets pellagra, a lethal new disease due to severe niacin defi ciency, spread dramatically among the Southern European peasantry...

Th is study investigated the potential eff ect of cold plasma on reducing residues of pesticides diazinon and chlorpyrifos in apples and cucumbers and its eff ects on property of products. Two separate concentrations of each pesticide with 500 and 1,000 ppm were prepared and the samples were inoculated by dipping them into the solutions. All samples treated with pesticides were exposed to cold ...