Reflex behaviors of the intestine are controlled by the enteric nervous system (ENS). The ENS is an integrative network of neurons and glia in two ganglionated plexuses housed in the gut wall. Enteric neurons and enteric glia are the only cell types within the enteric ganglia. The activity of enteric neurons and glia is responsible for coordinating intestinal functions. This protocol describes ...

The enteric nervous system, the intrinsic innervation of the gastrointestinal tract, consists of large numbers of phenotypically diverse neurons and glial cells, arranged in complex interconnecting plexuses situated between the smooth muscle layers of the gut wall. Recently, the enteric nervous system has attracted much attention from developmental biologists whose efforts have focused on analy...

The enteric nervous system (ENS) is composed of neural crest-derived neurons (also known as ganglion cells) the cell bodies of which are located in the submucosal and myenteric plexuses of the intestinal wall. Intramucosal ganglion cells are known to exist but are rare and often considered ectopic. Also derived from the neural crest are enteric glial cells that populate the ganglia and the asso...

The enteric nervous system (ENS) is represented by a complex network of neurons, glial and other cells within the wall digestive tract. ENS responsible for numerous, vital functions in our body. Thus, regulates motility tract, secretion into intestinal lumen, exchange fluid electrolytes through mucosa, as well mucosal perfusion. In order to perform these important functions, proper embryonic de...

Oxidative stress is widely recognized to contribute to neuronal death during various pathological conditions and ageing. In the enteric nervous system (ENS), reactive oxygen species have been implicated in the mechanism of age-associated neuronal loss. The neurotrophic factors, neurotrophin 3 (NT-3) and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), are important in the development of ente...

S100B is expressed in various types of glial cells and is involved in regulating many aspects of their function. However, little is known about its role during nervous system development. In this study, we investigated the effect of inhibiting the onset of S100B synthesis in the development of the enteric nervous system, a network of neurons and glia located in the wall of the gut that is vital...

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Summary Calcium imaging is a technique for intracellular calcium measurement , and it is im...

Neuregulin 1 (NRG1) is suggested to promote the survival and maintenance of the enteric nervous system (ENS). As deficiency in its corresponding receptor signaling complex ERBB2/ERBB3 leads to postnatal colonic hypo/aganglionosis we assessed the distributional and expressional pattern of the NRG1-ERBB2/ERBB3 system in the human colon and explored the neurotrophic capacity of NRG1 on cultured en...

a common pathological process that occurred after brain injury is gliosis. gliosis involves the activation of glial cells to proliferate and become hypertrophic to occupy the injured brain areas. in order to form a defense system against the invasion of micro-organisms and cytotoxins into surrounding tissue, glial cells including astrocytes and microglia undergo reactive response to injury. neu...