arthur schopenhauer, in four aspects root of the principle of sufficient reason, criticized kant’s interpretation of causality, which is written in the second analogy contained in the section of principles of pure understanding. these criticisms express themselves along three main axes. by considering these criticisms, this article seeks to defend kant’s account and to show that schopenhauer di...

the international covenant on economic, social and cultural rights contains no provisions concerning complaint procedure. the covenant’s emphasize on the progressive realization of economic, social and cultural rights had generated the idea that those categories of rights were, in principle, unjusticiable. the adoption of the draft optional protocol to the international covenant on economic, so...

H. P. Grice pioneered the study of conversational logic and put forward classic theory Conversational Implicature Cooperative Principle. Completely adhering to Principle or deliberately violating it will lead Implicature. In The Great Gatsby, main characters, such as Gatsby Daisy, tactically violate abide by relevant maxims in their communication, thus generating expressing true feelings. At sa...

It is well known that classical, aka ‘sharp’, Bayesian decision theory, which models belief states as single probability functions, faces a number of serious difficulties with respect to its handling of agnosticism. These difficulties have led to the increasing popularity of so-called ‘imprecise’ models of decision-making, which represent belief states as sets of probability functions. In a rec...

In this article we introduce a dual of the uniform boundedness principle which does not require completeness and gives an indirect means for testing set. The principle, although known to analyst despite its applications in establishing results such as Hellinger--Toeplitz theorem, is often missing from elementary treatments functional analysis. Example 1 indicate connection between question spir...

Despite the prevalence of the Computational Theory of Mind and the Connectionist Model, the establishing of the key principles of the Cognitive Science are still controversy and inconclusive. This paper proposes the concept of PATTERN RECOGNITION as NECESSARY AND SUFFICIENT PRINCIPLE for a general cognitive science modeling, in a very ambitious scientific proposal. A formal physical definition ...

Strong interests in the small-sample problem have been given towards for establishing several information diffusion techniques for pattern recognition. In this paper, we review and formalize three techniques: the soft histogram, the self-study discrete regression, and the interior-outer-set model. To promote the development of this area, in this paper we suggest two open topics: the anti-accura...

Using the Wiener–Hopf factorization, it is shown that it is possible to bound the path of an arbitrary Lévy process above and below by the paths of two random walks. These walks have the same step distribution, but different random starting points. In principle, this allows one to deduce Lévy process versions of many known results about the large-time behavior of random walks. This is illustrat...

In this study, we consider the exponential utility maximization problem in the context of a jump-diffusion model. To solve this problem, we rely on the dynamic programming principle and we derive from it a quadratic BSDE with jumps. Since this quadratic BSDE2 is driven both by a Wiener process and a Poisson random measure having a Levy measure with infinite mass, our main work consists in estab...

We study a pattern classification algorithm which has recently been proposed by Vapnik and coworkers. It builds on a new inductive principle which assumes that in addition to positive and negative data, a third class of data is available, termed the Universum. We assay the behavior of the algorithm by establishing links with Fisher discriminant analysis and oriented PCA, as well as with an SVM ...