urban design is a multidisciplinary field, consisting of both science and art. the physical aspect together with the non-physical aspects related to human – like meaning and function – along with the presence of human beings, make a successful and dynamic place to be used by people in a good way. undoubtedly, culture as a response of a society to its requirements and a means to ensure the quali...

OBJECTIVE To assess the breast-feeding condition based on economic status among primary school children and comparison between Turkman and non-Turkman ethnic groups in northern Iran in 2010. METHODS This was a descriptive, cross-sectional and retrospective research study, carried out on 6882 primary school children (4157 = non-Turkman and 2725 = Turkman) from 112 school of urban and villages ...

OBJECTIVE Pain is a subjectively complex and universal experience. We examine research investigating ethnic group differences in experimental pain response and factors contributing to group differences. METHOD We conducted a systematic literature review and analysis of studies using experimental pain stimuli to assess pain sensitivity across multiple ethnic groups. Our search covered the peri...

BACKGROUND Focus groups are commonly used to explore participants' experiences in health and social care research. Although it is suggested that having demographically homogenous groups may help put participants at ease, the evidence is sparse.The aims of the paper are to: explore the impact of relative ethnic homogeneity and heterogeneity of focus group participants on the group discussions; i...

Neighbourhood Selection of Non-Western Ethnic Minorities: Testing the Own-Group Preference Hypothesis Using a Conditional Logit Model The selective inflow and outflow of residents by ethnicity is the main mechanism behind ethnic residential segregation. Many studies have found that ethnic minorities are more likely than others to move to ethnic minority concentration neighbourhoods. An importan...

OBJECTIVE This study tested whether an immigrant mother's perception of ethnic and language-based discrimination affects the health of her child (indexed by the child's frequency of sick visits to the doctor, adjusting for well-visits), as a function of her ethnic-group attachment and length of U.S. residency. METHOD A community-based sample of 98 immigrant Dominican and Mexican mothers of no...

social interaction among different ethnic groups has been a major focus of study in the world in recent decades. the population of iran is composed of variety of ethnic groups (such as linguistic, religious and cultural) and for this study the people of different backgrounds are considered. this article will discuss the types of social interaction among different ethnic groups and the role of y...