Key points Stimulation of postsynaptic muscarinic receptors was shown to excite principal hippocampal neurons by modulating several membrane ion conductances. We show here that activation also causes neuronal excitation inhibiting Na+/K+-ATPase activity. Muscarinic inhibition is mediated two separate signalling pathways lead downstream enhanced phosphorylation activating protein kinase C and G....

introduction : there are different applications for cooling in rehabilitation and there is also a controversy in results of applying ice on limb and its effects on motorneurons excitability. methods : this study was done to determine the effect of applying controlled cooling (rubbing cold ointment with 3°c temperature) on the spinal skin (around t place of s root nerve) on the excitability of s...

introduction: epilepsy is a neural disorder in which abnormal plastic changes during short and long term periods lead to increased excitability of brain tissue. kindling is an animal model of epileptogenesis which results in changes of synaptic plasticity due to repetitive electrical or chemical sub-convulsive stimulations of the brain. lateral hypothalamus, as the main niche of orexin neurons ...

Limbic encephalitis is an adaptive autoimmune disease, induced by different autoantibodies, which target extracellular neuronal epitopes, such as NMDA or GABAB receptors1,2. Recently our group found another human antibody, which binds to the α1 subunit of the GABAA receptor. Since the GABAA receptor is responsible for the majority of fast inhibitory neurotransmission, we investigated chan...

Cortical excitability may be subject to changes through training and learning. Motor training can increase cortical excitability in motor cortex, and facilitation of motor cortical excitability has been shown to be positively correlated with improvements in performance in simple motor tasks. Thus cortical excitability may tentatively be considered as a marker of learning and use-dependent plast...

Peripheral electrical stimulation (PES) is a common clinical technique known to induce changes in corticomotor excitability; PES applied to induce a tetanic motor contraction increases, and PES at sub-motor threshold (sensory) intensities decreases, corticomotor excitability. Understanding of the mechanisms underlying these opposite changes in corticomotor excitability remains elusive. Modulati...

BackgroundTranscranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has emerged as a non-invasive brain technique. Most studies show that anodal tDCS increases cortical excitability. However, this effect been found to be highly variable.ObjectiveTo test the of on excitability and interaction two participant-specific factors may explain individual differences in sensitivity tDCS: Brain Derived Neurotrophic...

Predicting Test Anxiety Based on the Use of Cognitive and Metacognitive Strategies among Female High School Students G. Ahghar, Ph.D. The use of cognitive and metacognitive strategies can reduce test anxiety. To determine the extent to which this is done, a random sample of 610 female high school students was given two questionnaires on anxiety and learning/studying strategies. Da...