Bioinsecticides with lower concentrations of endospores/crystals and without loss of efficiency are economically advantageous for pest biocontrol. In addition to Cry proteins, other Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins in culture supernatants (SN) have biocontrol potential (e.g., Vip3A, Cry1I, Sip1), whereas others are unwanted (β-exotoxins), as they display widespread toxicity across taxa. A str...

This paper describes a method developed for predicting bacterial toxins from their amino acid sequences. All the modules, developed in this study, were trained and tested on a non-redundant dataset of 150 bacterial toxins that included 77 exotoxins and 73 endotoxins. Firstly, support vector machines (SVM) based modules were developed for predicting the bacterial toxins using amino acids and dip...

Group A streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins types A, B, and C and staphylococcal pyrogenic exotoxin were shown to be potent nonspecific T-lymphocyte mitogens. Adherent cell populations did not significantly affect the nonspecific mitogenicity.

3',5'-Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and 3',5'cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) are key second messengers for a wide variety of mammalian cellular processes. The natural occurrence of a third cyclic nucleotide, 3',5'-cyclic cytidine monophosphate (cCMP) had been discussed very controversially 30–35 years ago [1-3], but later, cCMP was identified unambiguously in various mammalian tis...