PURPOSE To analyze whether lymphatic vessels can invade the normally alymphatic eye (lymphangiogenesis) in patients with malignant melanoma of the ciliary body with extraocular extension and to correlate these findings with metastasis-free survival. METHODS Ten enucleated globes with the histopathologically and immunohistochemically (S-100, HMB-45, PNL-2, and Melan-A) confirmed diagnosis of m...

Proptosis and diplopia due to enlargement of extraocular muscles represent important presenting signs of many orbital disorders. Although dysthyroid ophthalmopathy is the most common cause of enlargement of extraocular muscles, the differential diagnosis is extensive. We report a patient with a 3-month history of diplopia and unilateral proptosis and a markedly enlarged inferior rectus muscle o...

Extraocular muscle is fundamentally distinct from other skeletal muscles. Here, we review the biological organization of the extraocular muscles with the intent of understanding this novel muscle group in the context of oculomotor system function. The specific objectives of this review are threefold. The first objective is to understand the anatomic arrangement of the extraocular muscles and th...

The M lines are structural landmarks in striated muscles, necessary for sarcomeric stability and as anchoring sites for the M isoform of creatine kinase (CK-M). These structures, especially prominent in fast skeletal muscles, are missing in rodent extraocular muscle, a particularly fast and active muscle group. In this study, we tested the hypotheses that 1). myomesin and M protein (cytoskeleta...

Rapid eye movements (REMs), traditionally measured using the electrooculogram (EOG), help to characterize active sleep in adults. In early infancy, however, they are not clearly expressed. Here we measured extraocular muscle activity in infant rats at 3 days of age (P3), P8 and P14-15 in order to assess the ontogeny of REMs and their relationship with other forms of sleep-related phasic activit...

The purpose of this study was to quantify the type and amount of myosin heavy chain (MHC) mRNA within muscles of different developmental origins to determine whether the regulation of gene expression is comparable. Seven MHC isoforms were analyzed in rat adult limb (extensor digitorum longus, tibialis anterior, and soleus) and nonlimb (extraocular, thyroarytenoid, diaphragm, and masseter) muscl...

BACKGROUND Congenital fibrosis of extraocular muscles (CFEOM) is a very rare congenital condition, characterized by variable amounts of restriction of the extraocular muscles, with or without ptosis. The aim of this report was to describe a severe, atypical, exposure-induced corneal stromal lysis in two patients. CASE REPORT A mother and a daughter with a severe CFEOM were presented. The surg...

Recent anatomical studies of extraocular muscles (EOM) demonstrate the stability of muscle paths. This is due to the fact that each rectus EOM passes through a pulley consisting of an encircling ring or sleeve of collagen. In this paper, the EOMs are modeled using the Hill type musculotendon complex and the effect of extraocular pulleys are studied. The model proposed by Martin and Schovanec in...

INTRODUCTION Injury is a known cause of monocular blindness. Ocular trauma may affect lacrimal canaliculi and the extraocular muscle. We report this case as it includes injury to lid, lacrimal canaliculi and inferior rectus. CASE DESCRIPTION A 25-year-old male presented with an injury caused by a sharp object that resulted in a conjunctival tear, lid tear involving the lacrimal canal, and rup...