background: the compositions of ferrous sulphate, agarose and xylenol orange dye (fax) and ferrous sulphate, gelatin and xylenol orange dye (fgx) in solution of distilled water and sulphuric acid are two tissue-equivalent gel dosimeters. ionizing radiation causes oxidation of fe2+ ion to fe3+ ions which diffuse through the gel matrix and blur the image of absorbed dose over a period of hours af...

We consider the problem of classifying a telephone line as either a voice or fax telephone line based on its long-distance calling patterns (i.e., the time of day and duration of its long distance calls) and based on knowledge about other lines with which calls are placed. We show that both kinds of information are important. In particular, neither choosing new learning algorithms nor collectin...

This document describes the TIFF (Tag Image File Format) representation of image data specified by the ITU-T Recommendations for black-and-white and color facsimile. This file format specification is commonly known as TIFF-FX. It formally defines minimal, extended and lossless JBIG modes (Profiles S, F, J) for black-and-white fax, and base JPEG, lossless JBIG and Mixed Raster Content modes (Pro...

We have implemented approaches to compressing and decompressing a sequence of head-and-shoulders images that trade off the data rate, picture quality, computational complexity and latency. All these approaches are transform-free and pixel-based; some of them also involve no motion compensation and hence are free of block-based artifacts. We compare the magnitude of the intensity of each pixel s...

We describe an experiment in which a blind person places arbitrary printed pages in a FAX machine and soon afterwards hears the contents read out loud over the telephone by a synthesized voice. This study focuses on technical issues including the accuracy achievable by stateof-the-art optical character recognition operating on FAX images, methods to improve the intelligibility of synthesized sp...

BACKGROUND Research on fertility differentials between eastern and western Germany after German reunification in 1990 has focused on the fertility of women. Trends in the fertility of men are rarely studied due to data constraints and methodological challenges. OBJECTIVE This paper aims to close this gap by analyzing fertility differentials between eastern and western German males over the peri...

Background: Over recent decades, modern protocols of external beam radioÂ‌therapy and radiation techniques such as intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) have been developed. These methods are extremely sensitive to errors in treatment delivery, so that it is essential to apply a high resolution 3D dosimetry system that has high sensitivity and is capable of measuring and verifying the complex...