Free-living amoebae (FLA) are parasites within both humans and animals causing a wide range of symptoms and act as hosts of, and vehicles for phylogenetically diverse microorganisms, called endocytobionts. The interaction of the FLA with sympatric microorganisms leads to an exceptional diversity within FLA. Some of these bacteria, viruses, and even eukaryotes, can live and replicate intracellul...

The heat-stable toxin (ST) produced by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains causes diarrhoea by altering the fluid secretion in intestinal epithelial cells. Here, the effectiveness of a flagellin fusion protein of Salmonella containing a 19-amino-acid sequence derived from the ST sequence (FLA--ST) in generating antibodies capable of neutralizing the toxic activity of ST was evaluated. This...

This study investigated the effects of xylo-oligosaccharide (XOS) and flavomycin (FLA) on the performance and immune function of broiler chickens. A total of 150 ArborAcres broilers were randomly divided into three groups and fed for six weeks from one day of age in cascade cages. The diets of each test group were (1) a basal diet, (2) the basal diet supplemented with 2 mg/kg FLA, and (3) the b...

The proposed approach in this paper selects a fixed Visitor Location Register (VLR) as a Fixed Local Anchor (FLA) for each group of Registration Areas (RAs). During call delivery process, the calling VLR/FLA caches are updated with the called Mobile Terminal’s (MT’s) location information and the called VLR and FLA caches are updated with the calling MT’s location information. Furthermore, the F...

Foreign language anxiety (FLA), as a common affective filter, has impeded the learning process. In order to reduce FLA, researchers have explored several methods via enhancing settings. Technology crucial tool in improving environment been considered on this topic well. However, results of these empirical studies are inconsistent. After reviewing 24 relevant experimental and quasi-experimental ...

In Methanococcus maripaludis, the euryarchaeal archaellum regulator A (EarA) is required for the transcription of the fla operon, which is comprised of a series of genes which encode most of the proteins needed for the formation of the archaeal swimming organelle, the archaellum. In mutants deleted for earA (ΔearA), there is almost undetectable transcription of the fla operon, Fla proteins are ...

The objective of this study was to evaluate how the vehicles of choice affect the pharmacokinetics of orally administered Fluoranthene [FLA] in rats. Fluoranthene is a member of the family of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon chemicals. Fluoranthene exposure to humans may occur as a result of cigarette smoking, consumption of contaminated food and water, heating woods in stoves and boilers, indus...

I investigated the transcriptional regulation of sigmaD synthesis. sigD is part of the fla/che operon, but the gene is also preceded by a promoter of its own. fla/che-dependent transcription is severely reduced in sigD-negative strains. Activity of the promoter in front of sigD is strictly temporally regulated. Deletion of this promoter results in a reduced and delayed activation of transcripti...