For decades, management consultants and the popular business press have urged large firms to flatten their hierarchies. Flattening (or delayering, as it is also known) typically refers to the elimination of layers in a firm’s organizational hierarchy, and the broadening of managers’ spans of control. The alleged benefits of flattening flow primarily from pushing decisions downward to enhance cu...

Flattened Gaussian beams are characterized by a waist profile that passes in a continuous way from a nearly flat illuminated region to darkness. The steepness of the transition region is controlled by an integer parameter N representing the order of the beam. Being expressible as a sum of N Laguerre–Gauss modes, a flattened Gaussian beam turns out to be very simple to study as far as propagatio...

AC-rewriting is simulated by using flattened terms, flattened rewrite rules, extensions and specializations with respect to the AC-operators, therefore allowing us to reduce AC-pattern matching and AC-unification to permutative matching and permutative unification respectively.

This study presents the basic dosimetric properties of photon beams of a Versa HD linear accelerator (linac), which is capable of delivering flattening filter-free (FFF) beams with a beam quality equivalent to the corresponding flattened beams based on comprehensive beam data measurement. The analyzed data included the PDDs, profiles, penumbra, out-of-field doses, surface doses, output factors,...