In this study, we investigated the possible antidepressant-like effect of I. paraguariensis in rats. Rats were treated for four weeks with an aqueous extract of I. paraguariensis in drinking water, following the traditional preparation of this beverage. After the period of treatment, behavioral (elevated plus-maze, open field test, and forced swimming test) and biochemical parameters (lipid per...

The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential benefits of ethanolic extract of Smilax china Linn. on testicular antioxidant activity and spermatological parameters in rats subjected to forced swimming stress. Animals of the experimental groups except vehicle control were subjected to forced swimming stress (FSS) 15 min/day for 52 days. Animals were pretreated with two doses of e...

Stress-induced cytokine changes may be the link between stress and the pathogenesis of psychiatric disorders such as depression, and organic diseases such as infections, autoimmune diseases and cancer. We tested the effect of stress on interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-22, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interferon (IFN)-γ serum levels in male Wistar rats. Rats underwent either acute...

The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of antidepressants (ADs) belonging to different pharmacological groups and risperidone (an atypical antipsychotic drug), given separately or jointly, on immobility time in the forced swimming test in male C57BL/6J mice. The antidepressants: citalopram, fluvoxamine, sertraline, reboxetine, milnacipran (5 and 10 mg/kg), or risperidone in low ...

Chronic stress has been reported to be an essential factor for depression. In this study, the effect of forced swimming stress on neurotransmitters and cellular signaling pathway contributing to brain functions was investigated using the forced swimming test (FST) in order to understanding of mechanisms to regulate stress signals in brain. Antidepressant drug, imipramine, significantly reduced ...

Physical exercise positively affects the metabolism and induces proliferation of precursor cells in the adult brain. Maternal exercise likewise provokes adaptations early in the offspring. Using a high-intensity swimming protocol that comprises forced swim training before and during pregnancy, we determined the effect of maternal swimming on the mouse offspring's neurogenesis. Our data demonstr...

Forced swimming, as an effective stressor, has been found to facilitate the development of pair bonds in male but to interfere with this behaviour in female prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster). In the present study, we found that forced swimming differentially influenced the expression of messenger RNA for vasopressin, oxytocin and corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) in the paraventricular ...

objective(s) this study planned to assess antidepressant like activity of aqueous extract from leaves of citrus maxima merr. (rutaceae). materials and methods boiling was used for aqueous extraction. acute toxicity study was performed in mice. antidepressant activity was studied using locomotor activity test, modified forced swimming test (fst) and tail suspension test (tst). three doses 100, 2...

objective: rosa damascena mill l (r. damascena) is an ornamental plant that has several therapeutic (such as sedative and hypnotic) effects. it also heals depression, grief, nervous stress and tension. in the present study we evaluated antidepressant-like effect of r. damascena using forced swimming test (fst). material and methods: three doses of aqueous extract (15, 60 and 90 mg/kg) was injec...

Analysis of the meaning of the immobility time in swimming experimental models The aim of this work was to evaluate if the meaning of immobility (helplessness or adaptation) depends on the experimental model (forced swimming test or swimming stress). Immobility time (IT) and glycogen mobilization of rats submitted to swimming session were analyzed in two protocols: swimming stress (SS) and forc...