flower morphology of ten fritillaria species of subgenera theresia and fritillaria growing wild in iran is studied using seventy morphological characters. qualitative and quantitative datasets separated taxa into subgenera, sectional and groups. three enigmatic species f. caucasica, f. zagrica (endemic to zagros mountains) and f. pinardii (recently reported from zagros mountains) appeared as cl...

The Glanville fritillary butterfly (Melitaea cinxia) in Finland feeds on the plants Plantago lanceolata and Veronica spicata. These two plant species are distributed heterogeneously and both vary spatially and temporally in iridoid glycoside concentrations. We investigated the associations of plant species and iridoid glycoside (aucubin and catalpol) concentrations with weight, development rate...

Due to the nearly identical phenotypes and chemical constituents, it is often very challenging to accurately differentiate diverse species of a Chinese herbal genus. Although technologies including DNA barcoding have been introduced to help address this problem, they are generally time-consuming and require expensive sequencing. Herein, we present a simple sequencing-free electrochemical biosen...

The Fritillariaimperialis is grown natively in Iran. Between ornamental bulblet plants, this plant has special place, therefore this plant needs more attention, otherwise this plant will be destroyed in future. For this reason in vitro culture of Fritillariaimperialis was studied. Tissue culture techniques have high potential for mass propagation. The multiplication efficacy of the method by bu...

We used harmonic radar to track freely flying Glanville fritillary butterfly (Melitaea cinxia) females within an area of 30 ha. Butterflies originated from large and continuous populations in China and Estonia, and from newly established or old (> 5 years) small local populations in a highly fragmented landscape in Finland. Caterpillars were raised under common garden conditions and unmated fem...

Background: Fritillaria imperialis is an endangered species with pharmaceutical alkaloids that can be effective in reducing blood pressure and reducing cardiac palpitations.   Objective: Comparison of head space solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and hydro-distillation (HD) techniques in determination of essential oils in Fritillaria imperialis Methods: Quality and quantity determination o...

Spatially referenced mark-recapture data are becoming increasingly available, but the analysis of such data has remained difficult for a variety of reasons. One of the fundamental problems is that it is difficult to disentangle inherent movement behavior from sampling artifacts. For example, in a typical study design, short distances are sampled more frequently than long distances. Here we pres...