Wireless networking has conventionally been realized via radio frequency (RF) based communication technologies. However, the capacity of these networks are limited by the availability of the RF spectrum. Free-Space-Optical (FSO) communication has the potential to deliver wireless communication links at optical-level speeds. Although it has the advantage of the high speed modulation, maintenance...

Increased needs for bandwidth require technology that goes beyond traditional copper lines. As internet traffic scales faster than Moore’s law, which is the exponential growth in technology, and digging to install lines in metropolitan areas becomes infeasible, the industry has realized the benefits of free-space optical communication. Free-space optical (FSO) communication links are attractive...

Existence of line of sight (LOS) and alignment between the communicating antennas is one of the key requirements for free-space-optical (FSO) communication. To ensure uninterrupted data flow, auto-aligning transmitter and receiver modules are necessary. We previously proposed [1] a new FSO node design that uses spherical surfaces covered with transmitter and receiver modules for maintaining opt...

In this paper, we investigate the effects of auto-tracking subsystem together with different beam divergences on SNR, BER and stability of FSO communication links. For this purpose we compute the values of power, SNR and BER on receiver, based on analytic formula of Gaussian beam on receiver plane. In this computation the atmospheric effects including absorption, scattering and turbulence are c...

The Free Space Optical (FSO) communication links is a promising and cost-effective solution for the provision of high data rate point to point communications. Due to their huge bandwidth, license free spectrum and multipath fading mitigation, the FSO links combined with Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) modulation technique provide an ideal communication solution between Unmanne...

The recent increase in data rates for Free space optics (FSO) transmission technology, means they could be used designing the backhaul/fronthaul 5G and beyond cellular networks. flexibility cost-effectiveness provided by FSO are primary reasons mobile operators to investigate potential of technology as a backhaul/fronthaul. Unfortunately, reliability links is weather dependent, especially if li...

Although there has been a growing interest in the hybrid free-space optical link and radio frequency FSO/RF communication system, the current literature is limited to results obtained in moderate or cold environment. In this paper, using a soft switching approach, we investigate the effect of weather inhomogeneities on the strength of turbulence hence the channel refractive index under Qatar ha...

In this paper, we consider a mixed RF and hybrid RF/FSO system where several mobile users transmit their data over an RF link to a relay node (e.g. a small cell base station) and the relay forwards the information to a destination (e.g. a macro cell base station) over a hybrid RF/FSO backhaul link. The relay and the destination employ multiple antennas for transmission and reception over the RF...

Hybrid FSO/RF system requires an efficient FSO and RF link switching to improve the capacity by realizing complementary benefits of both links. The dynamics network conditions, such as fog, dust, sand storms compound problem control complexity. To address this problem, we initiate study deep reinforcement learning (DRL) for hybrid systems. Specifically, focus on actor–critic called Actor/Critic...