This paper presents an overview of the synthesis, chemical and electrochemical properties, and polymer electrolyte fuel cell applications of new proton-conducting polymer electrolyte membranes based on hydrocarbon polymers. Due to their chemical stability, high degree of proton conductivity, and remarkable mechanical properties, per ̄uorinated polymer electrolytes such as Na®on, Aciplex, Flemion...

Absorption spectra of several types of diesel fuel are studied experimentally. Index of refraction of these fuels is calculated using subtractive Kramers–Krönig analysis. The ageing process of fuels is simulated by prolonged boiling. Radiative properties of diesel fuel droplets are calculated using the Mie theory and a simplified approach, based on approximations of absorption and scattering ef...

In this study, the hydrothermal treatment of municipal solid wastes (MSWs) for the production of biochar as a renewable solid fuel was investigated. The properties of surrogate MSWs and mixtures of newspaper and vegetables were greatly improved by hydrothermal treatment and were similar to those of coal-like fuel substances. Hydrothermal treatment increased the calorific value, the fixed carbon...

using the cropping operations program can significantly save fuel consumption and energy efficiency. prediction of the accurate amount of fuel requirements for tillage operation of the soil is difficult. changes in humidity, soil type and tillage depth directly affects on the amount of fuel consumption. bulk density of agricultural soils depends on tillage methods, the value of organic matter, ...

This study offers comprehensive details on the use of bio-fuel as a viable and alternative source of energy. The bio-fuel was prepared from vegetable oil, i.e., mustard oil and tested in a diesel engine in both pure form and as a diesel blend. The mustard oil blend proportions were 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% and named as bio-diesel blends B20, B30, B40 and B50. A fuel-testing laboratory determined t...

This paper represents the mustard oil is a kind of renewable energy and alternative fuel of the future. In order to cope with the current situation of load shedding, and reduce dependence on imported fuels, the Bangladesh government to encourage the use of renewable energy. Because the diesel engine with multiple functions, including small pumping irrigation system and backup generators, diesel...

The present study focuses on the optimization in the use of non-petroleum fuel derived from waste fish oil fuels, as a replacement for petroleum diesel fuel for compression ignition engine. The study comprises of comparison between results of fish oil biodiesel-diesel blends on a compression ignition engine. Fuel properties such as viscosity, density, heat value of fuel, cetane number and a fla...

The use of liquid fuels necessitates methods to assess the quality and suitability of these fuels for their intended use. Traditionally, this is performed through a series of chemical and physical tests. However, in some operational situations, streamlined methods to reliably evaluate fuel quality would offer distinct advantages. The Naval Research Laboratory has been engaged in a research prog...

Wildfire is one of the most significant forms of natural disturbance, impacting a wide range of ecosystems ranging from boreal forests to Mediterranean shrublands and tropical rainforest. One of the greatest uncertainties in assessing fire danger is our knowledge of fuels. Fuel properties vary at fine spatial scales, change depending on stand age and prior disturbance history and vary seasonall...