The southeastern US sustains the highest high school dropout rates, and gangs persist in underserved communities. African American female adolescents who drop out of school and are gang members are at substantial risk of exposure to severe violence, physical abuse, and sexual exploitation. In this study of 237 female African American adolescents 16-19 years of age from North Carolina who droppe...

Dust is a common atmospheric phenomenon in Iran especially in central arid regions.  This severely affects environment as well as resident’s health. Among the results of this phenomenon are Respiratory diseases, bash radiation, accelerated soil erosion, Desertification and degradation of ecosystems. Some dusts are originated from local desert conditions but adjacency to neighboring countries de...

Dust is a common atmospheric phenomenon in Iran especially in central arid regions.  This severely affects environment as well as resident’s health. Among the results of this phenomenon are Respiratory diseases, bash radiation, accelerated soil erosion, Desertification and degradation of ecosystems. Some dusts are originated from local desert conditions but adjacency to neighboring countries de...

The purpose of the study was to examine prospective childhood risk factors for gang involvement across the course of adolescence among a large eight-year longitudinal sample of 646 Indigenous (i.e., American Indian and Canadian First Nations) youth residing on reservation/reserve land in the Midwest of the United States and Canada. Risk factors at the first wave of the study (ages 10-12) were u...

INTRODUCTION This paper examines secular trends in violence among Ontario students between 1983 and 2001, and variation by sex. METHODS Using data from the Ontario Student Drug Use Survey, we examined self-reports of assault, weapon carrying, and gang fighting based on 10 cross-sectional surveys from 1983 to 2001. Respondents were derived from representative samples of Ontario students in gra...

We introduce a point process model for inter-gang violence driven by retaliation – a core feature of gang behavior – and multi-party inhibition. Here, a coupled system of statedependent jump stochastic differential equations is used to model the conditional intensities of the directed network of gang rivalries. The system admits an exact simulation strategy based upon Poisson thinning. The mode...

Studies of criminal behavior have demonstrated both that there is a career component to criminality and that key turning points in the life course can have large and potentially long-term impacts on criminal involvement (Sampson and Laub 1993). For inner-city youth, the decision to join a gang is considered to be one of the most important decisions. Sociologists and criminologists both cite the...

One of the most significant and effective criteria in the process of cutting dimensional rocks using the gang saw is the maximum energy consumption rate of the machine, and its accurate prediction and estimation can help designers and owners of this industry to achieve an optimal and economic process. In the present research work, it is attempted to study and provide models for predicting the m...

There has been a call to better link public health and criminal justice approaches to best address crime problems generally, and youth and gang violence in particular. Importantly, there has yet to be a systematic examination of how criminal justice approaches can be integrated within a public health framework. This paper examines the strengths and challenges with mapping gang research and evid...

Environmental criminologists are at the vanguard of a growing interest in establishing the density or intensity of crime events around locations that are the target of crime prevention activities. The traditional approach has often been to count the number of crime events within a certain distance of the target site; however, this approach is fraught with methodological concerns. In this articl...