Clusters of workstations have emerged as a costeffective solution to high performance computing problem. To take advantage of any opportunities, however, effective scheduling techniques are necessary that enable parallel applications to dynamically share workstations with their owners. In this paper a special type of parallel applications called gangs are considered. Gangs are jobs that consist...

Since the end of the Cold War, the world and international relations have changed, with traditional inter-state conflict becoming the exception rather than the norm. National and transnational tensions currently dominate the agendas of transnationally active terrorist and criminal networks, while conflicts between domestic ethnic and religious groups represent a major security concern for natio...

This paper examines the effects of armed conflicts between drug gangs in Rio de Janeiro’s favelas on student achievement. We explore variation in violence that occurs across time and space when gangs battle over territories. Within-school estimates indicate that students from schools exposed to violence score less in math exams. Our findings suggest that the effect of violence increases with co...

Normal stage Group loyalties are, of course, a normal stage in development, during the later school years and in early adolescence. It seems to serve an important protective function for young people poised on the edge of adulthood, and having to cope with all the sexual and social problems it represents for them in an adult world which does not make these adjustments any too easy. It is not, i...

The social organization of street gangs has remained an empirical topic of interest for decades. In part, this may be due to the fact that different sources of data often reveal varied levels of organization. Specifically, law enforcement accounts typically suggest higher levels of cohesion than do investigations relying on interviews with or observations of street gang members. It is possible ...

Gangs govern millions worldwide. Why rule? and how do they respond to states? Many argue that criminal rule provides protection when states not, increasing state services could crowd gangs out. We began by interviewing leaders from 30 groups in Medellin. The conventional view overlooks gangs’ indirect incentives rule: governing keeps police out fosters civilian loyalty, protecting other busines...

Women and violence has become a topic of increasing concern. Women's involvement in perpetrating violence, especially girl gang members, also has raised national concern. The participation of young women in gangs and gang violence has caused public consternation as they are perceived to be violating traditional notions of femininity. In spite of this increased concern and burgeoning literature,...