urban facilities are necessary components of cities. in all grown and developed cities of the world there are tremendous network of facilities such as water and electric ties, water sewage drainage, water piping and gas piping. that has not been installed in proper depth underground and locations and with growing of the cities and consumption of population. they need to be replaced by excavatin...

certain gases, principally oxygen,o , and carbon dioxide, co , dissolved in water accelerate its corrosive properties. the rate of corrosion is approximately in prportion to the quantity of gas dissolved. the removal of gases from water, as practiced in steam station, is effected by mechanical and thermal treatment , by addition of chemicals, or by combinations of these processes, the most wide...

From the mid-1980s until 1994, U.S. oil and gas exploration and production steadily declined, forcing a significant increase in U.S. imports of crude oil. For example, in 1994, the United States imported more than 50 percent of the nation's total demand, which was the highest level since 1990. To economically develop U.S. oil production in deep-water locations, the industry needed strong, light...

BACKGROUND Although heated humidifiers (HHs) are the most efficient humidifying device for mechanical ventilation, some HHs do not provide sufficient humidification when the inlet temperature to the water chamber is high. Because portable and home-care ventilators use turbines, blowers, pistons, or compressors to inhale in ambient air, they may have higher gas temperature than ventilators with ...

Detonation waves in gas-filled piping or tubing pose special challenges in analysis and prediction of structural response. The challenges arise due the nature of the detonation process and the role of fluid-structure interaction in determining the propagation and arrest of fractures. Over the past ten years, our laboratory has been engaged in studying this problem and developing methodologies f...

Pipelines have been acknowledged as the most reliable, economic and efficient means for the transportation of gas and other commercial fluids such as oil and water. The designation of pipeline system as “lifelines” signifies that their operation is essential in maintaining the public safety and well being. A pipeline transmission system is a linear system which traverses a large geographical ar...

The structural integrity of seam-welded fossil high-energy piping has remained a major safety and operations-maintenance issue for US utility companies. Several failures of seamwelded superheat and hot reheat piping segments have occurred since 1992, two of them catastrophic. Advanced methods of inspecting piping welds with ultrasonic testing (UT), such as time-of-flight diffraction and focused...