BACKGROUND Transmitted drug-resistant HIV slowly reverts in the blood to drug-sensitive virus. The environment of the male genital tract (MGT) may result in even slower rates of reversion to drug susceptibility. METHODS We measured the decay of resistance in longitudinally collected blood and semen samples from 5 individuals newly infected with HIV containing resistance mutations to nonnucleo...

A wide variety of organisms from the environment invade the preputial cavity of rams. Various of these organisms can be isolated from the deeper parts of the male genital tract, and especially from the accessory glands. Some of the bacteria present in the sheath can be stimulated to migrate to the deeper parts of the genital tract by injections into the host animal of luteinizing-hormone-releas...

Background: In the past decade, childlessness has become a most important problem in the world. At the same time evidence confirms a link between sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and infertility problem. Some of viral STDs are: HIV, HPV, HSVand so on. The innate immune system is essential for the initial detection of invading viruses and subsequent activation of adaptive immunity. also, The...

The knowledge of the reproductive biology of Pomacea canaliculata (Lamarck 1822) is particularly important in the context of its impact as an invasive species in Asia and many Pacific islands (Cowie, 2002). Several studies on the structure of the genital system of P. canaliculata and of other Neotropical ampullariids have been published (see Hylton-Scott, 1957; Andrews, 1964; Martín, 1980; Bert...

Fertility in the male is dependent on the proper production of sperm cells. This process, called spermatogenesis is very complex and involves the synchronization of numerous factors. The presence of pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 α) and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 β) cytokines in the male reproductive tract (testis, epididymis and sperm) ...

The role of species-specific genitalia in reproductive isolation is unclear. Males of the millipede genus Parafontaria use gonopods (modified eighth legs) charged with sperm from the genital openings of the second legs as intromittent organs. Males perform both preliminary and true intromission during mating. During preliminary intromission, a male attempts to insert his gonopods into the femal...

Abstract Accumulating evidence has shown that Wnt signaling is deeply involved in male reproductive physiology, and malfunction of the signal path can cause pathological changes genital organs sperm cells. These abnormalities are diverse manifestation have been constantly found knockout models studies. Nevertheless, most research solely focused on a certain factor pathway, there few reports ove...

The activity of αand β-mannosidase (α-MAN and β-MAN) in seminal plasma, spermatozoa and homogenates of reproductive organs has been determined in the drake. The highest specific activities of the examined mannosidases were found in epididymides. The activities of both enzymes decreased significantly during the postbreeding resting season compared to the breeding season. Elution profiles of mult...

Copulation duration varies considerably across species, but few comparative studies have examined factors that might underlie such variation. We examined the relationship between copulation duration (prior to spermatophore transfer), the complexity of titillators (sclerotized male genital contact structures), spermatophore mass and male body mass across 54 species of bushcricket. Using phylogen...

There has been a recent burst of studies of the function of genitalia, many of which share several important shortcomings. Given that further studies on this topic are likely (there are probably millions of species showing rapid genital divergence), I discuss the studies critically to promote clear formulation of hypotheses and interpretation of results in the future. I also emphasize some poss...