Interpreting the results of plasma human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) genotypic drug-resistance tests is one of the most difficult tasks facing clinicians caring for HIV-1-infected patients. There are many drug-resistance mutations, and they arise in complex patterns that cause varying levels of drug resistance. In addition, HIV-1 exists in vivo as a virus population containing many ge...

In this case-controlled study, we tested susceptible genetic variants for Alzheimer's disease (AD) in CR1, CLU and PICALM from Genome Wide Association studies (GWAS) in southern Chinese population. 812 participants consisting of 462 late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) patients and 350 non-demented controls were recruited. We found by multivariate logistic regression analysis, that single nucl...

In this case-controlled study, we tested susceptible genetic variants for Alzheimer's disease (AD) in CR1, CLU and PICALM from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in a southern Chinese population. Eight hundred twelve participants consisting of 462 late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) patients and 350 nondemented control subjects were recruited. We found by multivariate logistic regression ...

Genotypic data from pathogenic isolates are often used to measure the extent of infectious disease transmission. These methods include phylogenetic reconstruction and the evaluation of clustering indices. The first aim of this paper is to critique current methods used to analyse genotypic data from molecular epidemiological studies of tuberculosis. In particular, by not accounting for the mutat...

A linear model for the genotypic covariance between relatives under assortative mating comprising the "classical linear model" and the model of "selective assortative mating" is proposed. The general conditions on the genetical and developmental mechanisms of quantitative characters, as well as on selection and the mating system, on which the model is based, are explicitly stated and discussed....

BACKGROUND Growing evidence has linked HIV-1 resistance mutations and drug failure. The use of genotypic-resistance analysis to assist therapeutic decision-making in patients failing therapy has not been investigated. We assessed the virological and immunological impact of genotypic-resistance testing. METHODS We did a prospective, open, randomised, controlled study of HIV-1-infected patients...

Declines in genetic diversity within a species can affect the stability and functioning of populations. The conservation of genetic diversity is thus a priority, especially for threatened or endangered species. The importance of genetic variation, however, is dependent on the degree to which it translates into phenotypic variation for traits that affect individual performance and ecological pro...

1. Abstract 2. Introduction 3. Materials and Methods 3.1. Study subjects 3.2. Data collection 3.3. Collection for blood specimens 3.4. Abstraction of genome DNA 3.5. Analysis of genotype 3.5.1. Determination of CYP2E1 genotypic polymorphism 3.5.2. Determination of CYP17 genotypic polymorphism 3.5.3. Determination of GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotypic polymorphism 3.6. Statistical analysis 3.7. Quality c...

OBJECTIVES To compare genotypic and phenotypic HIV-1 drug resistance assays. METHODS Protease inhibitor (PI) susceptibility was phenotypically analysed in HIV-1 isolates and recombinant viruses expressing proteases from viral isolates. Two genotypic interpretation methods were carried out in parallel. RESULTS Entirely concordant resistance levels were shown in 5/10 (50%) highly active anti-...

Theory predicts, and recent empirical studies have shown, that the diversity of plant species determines the diversity of associated herbivores and mediates ecosystem processes, such as aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP). However, an often-overlooked component of plant diversity, namely population genotypic diversity, may also have wide-ranging effects on community structure and ecosys...