Ukraine is once again at a political crossroads. Like many of the world’s troubled nations, its presentday borders refl ect historical events that paid little attention to the national identities of those involved, such as the westward expansion after World War 2 into what had been Polish territory, and Nikita Khrushchev’s unexpected 1954 gift from Russia to Ukraine of Crimea. Just like Russia ...

abstract without knowing the established order, it would be impossible to reach goals of national security and benefits and it will cause lots of mistakes and large waste of national resources that would be irreparable. nowadays the big powers know the weaknesses and abilities of other countries at international levels. in fact that pakistan is situated in a such strategic part of the world, th...

the request for natural gas attention to its adaption with environment and less pollution than the other fossil fuels has the highest growth in last decades. in result this energy has high geopolitical importance. iran with has about 2.18 percent of total world reserves, the largest in the world. but couldn't played important role in the natural gas geopolitics and even it hasn't in b...

Abstract Invisible and seemingly technical financial infrastructures have become the site of high geopolitics. Crucially, security sanctions are being leveraged through global messaging network SWIFT. This article offers term “infrastructural geopolitics” to draw attention ways in which hegemonic contestation fracturing play out payment infrastructures. Infrastructures not passive sites be used...