Postal voting was established in Germany in 1956. Based on the legal latitude of the national legislator, the Federal Constitutional Court confirmed the constitutionality of postal voting several times. In contrast, the constitutionality of electronic voting machines, which were used for federal elections from 2002 to 2005, was rejected as the possibility to control the essential steps in the e...

To grasp fully the significance of this principle (which is usually described by using the Latin maxim nullum crimen nulla poena sine lege) a few words of introduction are necessary. National legal systems tend to embrace, and ground their criminal law on either the doctrine of substantive justice or that of strict legality. Under the former doctrine the legal order must primarily aim at prohib...

The legal knowledge base resulting from the LOIS (Lexical Ontologies for legal Information Sharing) project consists of legal WordNets in six languages (Italian, Dutch, Portuguese, German, Czech, English). Its architecture is based on the EuroWordNet (EWN) framework (Vossen et al, 1997). Using the EWN framework assures compatibility of the LOIS WordNets with EWN, allowing them to function as an...

We discuss the use of POLYAS, an Internet voting system, in GI (German Society for Computer Scientists (Gesellschaft für Informatik e.V.)) elections before 2010, in 2010 and 2011, as well as in the future. We briefly describe how the system was extended in 2010 to provide partial verifiability and how the integrity of the GI election result was verified in the 2010 and 2011 elections. Informati...

Using a database of more than 8,000 companies from 35 countries, we find that the value of corporate diversification is related to the level of capital market development, integration, and legal systems. Among high-income countries, where capital markets are well developed and integrated, we find a significant diversification discount. By contrast, for the lower income and segmented countries, ...

The European Parliament has proposed legal personhood for artificial intelligence entities, to ensure honouring of rights and responsibility. article discusses the question non-human beings from a legal-historical legal-sociological perspective. In addition, it examines in modern German system implementation tertium genus as by Parliament. This analysis leads conclusion that introduction e-pers...