BACKGROUND Class B CpG oligodeoxynucleotides primarily interact with Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) in B cells and enhance the immune system through induction of various interleukins including interleukin-6 in these immune cells. Although free class B CpG oligodeoxynucleotides do not induce interferon (IFN)-α production, CpG oligodeoxynucleotide molecules have been reported to induce IFN-α when lo...

When mechanically exfoliated two-dimensional (2D) materials are used for device applications, their properties strongly depend on the geometry and number of layers present in the flake. In general, these properties cannot be modified once a device has been fabricated out of an exfoliated flake. In this work we present a novel nano-patterning method for 2D material based devices, Pulsed eBeam Ga...

The sliding energy landscape of the heterogeneous graphene/h-BN interface is studied by means of the registry index. For a graphene flake sliding on top of h-BN, the anisotropy of the sliding energy corrugation with respect to the misfit angle between the two naturally mismatched lattices is found to reduce with the flake size. For sufficiently large flakes, the sliding energy corrugation is ex...

A mesoporous flake-like manganese-cobalt composite oxide (MnCo2O4) is synthesized successfully through the hydrothermal method. The crystalline phase and morphology of the materials are characterized by X-ray diffraction, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller methods. The flake-like MnCo2O4 is evaluated as the anode material fo...

Early Acheulian bifaces appear to be characterized by seven basic operations. After a brief description of each operation, I propose how the pattern of that operation had the capacity to serve as an analogue for a concept of the soul that could be expressed both in self-concept (selfobject) and interpersonal relations (object relations). 1. A 'core' is flaked and the flake is trimmed, in turn, ...

Palladium nanoparticles encapsulated into graphite (Pd–graphite intercalation compound: Pd–GIC) were produced from two kinds of graphite, natural graphite (average flake size: 270 mm) and kish graphite (average flake size: 15 mm). Hydrogen storage properties of Pd– GIC have been investigated by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) between 473 and 573 K at 1.0 MPa hydrogen pressure. ...

Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) of the MOD flake Micro-samples (3.3 mg from the MOD flake and less than 1 mg from the other samples, see below) were collected from the specimens and submitted to an analytical procedure (GC/MS) in order to identify lipids, waxes, proteins, resinous materials and saccharides [1-2]. GC/MS had already been successfully employed for the characterization...

The stress transfer mechanism from a polymer substrate to a nanoinclusion, such as a graphene flake, is of extreme interest for the production of effective nanocomposites. Previous work conducted mainly at the micron scale has shown that the intrinsic mechanism of stress transfer is shear at the interface. However, since the interfacial shear takes its maximum value at the very edge of the nano...

BACKGROUND Middle Palaeolithic stone artefacts referred to as 'Levallois' have caused considerable debate regarding issues of technological predetermination, cognition and linguistic capacities in extinct hominins. Their association with both Neanderthals and early modern humans has, in particular, fuelled such debate. Yet, controversy exists regarding the extent of 'predetermination' and 'stan...

Recent work has demonstrated excellent p-type field-effect switching in exfoliated black phosphorus, but type control has remained elusive. Here, we report unipolar n-type black phosphorus transistors with switching polarity control via contact-metal engineering and flake thickness, combined with oxygen and moisture-free fabrication. With aluminium contacts to black phosphorus, a unipolar to am...