Background: Diabetic nephropathy is one of the cause of the end stage of renal disease (ESRD). Hyperglicemia activate intrarenal Renin-Angiotensin system and highly AngiotensinII is produced locally in glomeruli. In this research AT1(Angiotensin type 1) receptors blocked by Losartan and effects of this drug in inhibition of renal structural lesions were assessed quantitatively. Materials & me...

With the recent attention to diagnose earlier stages of chronic kidney diseases (CKD), most attention focuses on screening for an impaired estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), i.e. CKD stages 3-5. Less attention is given to the impact of the urinary leakage of albumin. Its presence is not taken into account in the definition of stages 3-5, but only required to diagnose stages 1 and 2. A...

conclusions although our patient had ckd stage 4, but his condition has not deteriorated and remained constant and stable for several years only by control of blood pressure and usual treatment which prescribed for patients at this stage case presentation a 78-year-old man presented with stage 4 ckd for 7 years; the glomerular filtration rate (gfr) and creatinine levels remained constant despit...

In streptozotocin induced diabetes in rats, excretion of urinary protein fractions were studied in relation to structural changes in the renal glomeruli, using light and transmission electron microscopy. After six weeks of induced diabetes only beta 1 and beta 2 plasma globulins were significantly elevated. The amount of excreted proteins and degree of glomerular changes were not proportional. ...

UNLABELLED Blood glucose-lowering treatment options generally target insulin action or beta-cell function. In diabetes, expression of the sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) genes is up-regulated and renal threshold increased, resulting in increased glucose reabsorption from glomerular filtrate, reducing urinary glucose excretion and worsening the hyperglycemic condition. The SGLT2 inhibitor...

Objective(s) Oxidative stress plays an important role in diabetic nephropathy pathogenesis. Rosmarinic acid, a plant phenolic compound, was first used as an antioxidant agent for inhibition of diabetic nephropathy. Material and Methods Forty male rats were uninephrectomized from the left flank.The rats were divided in four groups randomly; group one as control, group two diabetic untreatment...

Abnormalities in glomerular function have been observed frequently in the early stages of both clinical and experimental diabetes mellitus. Because prostaglandins (PGs) are present in the glomerulus and have profound effects on glomerular hemodynamics, and because abnormalities of PG metabolism have been noted in other tissues from diabetics, we studied PG biosynthesis in glomeruli obtained fro...

Research in recent years has supported the hypothesis that many properties of the electroencephalogram (EEG) are specific to an individual. In this study, the intra- and inter-individual variations of sleep EEG signals were investigated. This was carried out by analyzing the stability of the average EEG spectra individually computed for the Rechtschaffen and Kales (RK) sleep stages. Six EEG cha...

A Markov chain model has been proposed as a mechanism that generates human sleep stages. A method for estimating the parameters of the model, i.e., the transition probabilities (rates) between sleep stages, has been introduced and applied to 95 hypnograms taken from 23 subjects. The rates characterize interindividual differences and nightly variations of the sleep mechanism, related to sleep-on...