Research into adult zebrafish often requires fish to be of a specific size. Currently, fish must be individually measured to achieve this goal. Here, we design and utilize fish graders to quickly sort fish by width. We characterize graders individually for the length of fish they discriminate between and we also analyze graders in pairs to define the range of lengths for a retained population o...

The verbal responses of 22 second graders, 24 fourth graders and 22 sixth graders to ambiguous and clear messages were recorded. Children's referential choices were analysed. After the ambiguous messages, children (from the age of seven years) chose preferentially a referent with only the feature described in the message rather than a referent with this feature plus another one. The results sup...

The approaches and interpretations of a class of 6th graders and a class of 8th graders in a U.S. middle school asked to engage in tasks that involved using observations to describe and classify samples is the subject of this paper. Overall 8th graders were better able to perform the tasks, suggesting a developmental advantage aspect. However, the descriptions of the rock and mineral samples re...

Approaches to Improving Self-Efficacy among 8th Graders: Solution-Focused and Strategic Therapies A. Bahraami F. Bahaari, Ph.D.  To compare the effectiveness of two approaches to improving self-efficacy, a specially selected sample of 45 eighth graders was randomly placed into three groups of control and experimental. The experimental groups were taught for ten sessions o...

OBJECTIVE To investigate the relation between Internet use and binge drinking during early and middle adolescence. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study of a sub-sample of 8th and 10th graders from the Monitoring the Future (MtF) study, which annually surveys a nationally representative sample of U.S. youth on their attitudes, behaviors, and values. This study includes data from 21,170 8th ...

A variety of grading schemes have been proposed for the clinical classification of inflammatory trachoma. During a population based study of ocular disease conducted in southern Malawi we tested a simplified version of the current WHO grading scheme. Intraobserver agreement statistics were less than satisfactory for three of four graders. Interobserver agreement when compared against either a w...

The study investigated age and gender effects on coping with common stressors among 494 Austrian children and adolescents (age 8-14 years). Participants were subdivided into subgroups of late children comprising third and fourth graders, early adolescents consisting of fifth and sixth graders, and middle adolescents including seventh graders. Middle adolescents showed a maladaptive coping patte...

Understanding that only living things must act to gain self-beneficial goals is important for developing a theory-like understanding of the living world. This research studied the models that preschoolers, fifth graders, and adults use to guide their predictions of self-beneficial, goal-directed (i.e., teleological) action. Four possible models have been suggested: finalist, complexity based, b...

OBJECTIVE To examine decreases over time in cigarette smoking prevalence and intensity among American students in 8th, 10th, and 12th grades. METHODS Data from Monitoring the Future on students' smoking, across four measures of differing intensity of smoking, are compared over time and across grade levels. Data are available since 1975 for 12th graders and since 1991 for 8th and 10th graders....