A reference electrode is a half-cell (an electrode) with stable, well-defined and highly reproducible potential. vast number of electrodes have been developed for different applications. They are briefly presented. For the common types, advantages drawbacks discussed. Practical hints daily use provided.

In this paper we report on a lithium ion battery (LIB) based on improved olivine lithium iron phosphate/carbon (LiFePO4/C) as cathode material and LiNa0.02K0.01FePO4/C  synthesized by sol-gel method and TiO2 nanotube arrays (TNAs) with an anatase phasesynthesized through anodization of Ti foil as an anode electrode. Crystallographic structure and surface morphology of the cathode and anode mate...

microbial demulsifiers represent a potentially important product for the petroleum industry due to their specific modes of action, relative ease of preparation, biodegradability and low toxicity. an extracellular demulsifier, capable of the rapid break up of model multiple water-crude oil emulsions was obtained from the bacterial isolate ochrobactrum anthropi ripi5-1. demulsifying activity of t...

Background: This study aimed to investigate Levisticum officinale hydroalcoholic extract (LOHE) effect on both cGMP signaling pathway and phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) gene expression pattern and to examine the role of LOHE in apoptosis induction of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-468 cell lines. Methods: The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of LOHE was examined in both cell lines using the MTT assay...

Half-cell potentials of the electrochemical cell Au, VWT | YSZ | Au are analyzed in dependence on oxygen and ammonia concentration at 550 °C. One of the gold electrodes is covered with a porous SCR catalyst, vanadia-tungstenia-titania (VWT). The cell is utilized as a potentiometric ammonia gas sensor and provides a semi-logarithmic characteristic curve with a high NH3 sensitivity and selectivit...

the problem of propagation of plane wave including body and surface waves propagating in a transversely isotropic half-space with a depth-wise axis of material symmetry is investigated in details. using the advantage of representation of displacement fields in terms of two complete scalar potential functions, the coupled equations of motion are uncoupled and reduced to two independent equations...

Dynamic Half-rate is an optional feature that allows a GSM cell to switch new incoming half-rate capable calls to half-rate speech coding, when the cell is nearly congested. Since two half-rate speech calls can be put together in one single time slot, Dynamic Half-rate has the potential to double the radio capacity of the cell. We develop a model to analyze the performance of this feature. This...

1. The electrophysiological properties of voltage-dependent sodium currents were studied in the human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y before and after in vitro differentiation with retinoic acid, with the use of the whole cell variant of the patch-clamp technique. 2. Voltage steps from a holding level of -90 mV to depolarizing potentials elicited, in both undifferentiated and differentiated cel...