This paper examines the performance of property and liability reinsurance companies in the United States. It shows that these reinsurers have higher mean values than primary insurers in the following financial ratios: net operating income to net premium earned (NOI/PE), yield on invested assets (YIA), and loss reserves to net premium written (LR/NPW). Primary insurers, on the other hand, have h...

Component-based software engineering needs to be backed by thorough formal concepts and modeling techniques. This paper combines two concepts introduced independently by the two authors in previous papers. On one hand, the concept of Petri net modules introduced at IDPT 2002 in Padberg (2002), and on the other hand a generic component framework for system modeling introduced at FASE 2002 in Ehr...

Petri nets are widely used for modelling systems. The different areas and goals require different types of Petri nets. Each Petri net contains beside places, transitions, and arcs several further specific elements. Furthermore, a Petri net type defines a specific firing rule. There are many different Petri net types. It is not easy to have a general view on this bulk of Petri net types. Thus, t...

In this paper an extension of high-level Petri nets, namely nested relation/transition nets (NR/T-nets), is described. NR/T-nets allow to model distributed processes and related complex structured objects in business applications. This paper focuses on the development of complex NR/T-net models. Due to their complexity highlevel Petri net models are usually not developed in one single step. The...

The use of hand gestures for human-computer interaction (HCI) has gained popularity due to its ability provide natural and intuitive communication in human dialogues. Hand gesture recognition (HGR) using surface electromyography (sEMG) signals is more reliable user-friendly than traditional computer vision-based methods. This study proposes a deep network named DeepTPA-Net that utilizes multi-c...

this paper seeks two goals concurrently, at one hand tries to assay the capability of topsis, vikor and similarity-based approach as multiple attribute decision making approaches in evaluating mutual funds in iran stock exchange, and at the other hand in this evaluation tries to consider and compare three groups of indices including general evaluating indices (age, net value of mutual fund’s as...

A clear disparity in the pattern and provision of surgical care exists, particularly for patients with vulnerable socioeconomic backgrounds. For hand-injured patients in particular, this discrepancy has been frequently shown in their receiving appropriate care. With the advent of the Affordable Care Act and with Medicaid expansion on the horizon, more patients will be requiring access to care. ...