To prevent diseases associated with inadequate sanitation and poor hygiene, people needing latrines and behavioural interventions must be identified. We compared two indicators that could be used to identify those people. Indicator 1 of household latrine coverage was a simple Yes/No response to the question "Does your household have a latrine?" Indicator 2 was more comprehensive, combining ques...

BACKGROUND Hand washing is considered as one of the most effective hygiene promotion activities for public health in developing countries. This study compared hand washing knowledge and practices in BRAC's water; sanitation and hygiene (WASH) programme areas over time. METHODS This study is a cross-sectional comparative study between baseline (2006), midline (2009) and end-line (2011) surveys...

The growth of household waste is noticeable in several cities Africa due to rampant urbanization and population explosion. This state affairs creates many management problems. city Cotonou, the country's main economic hub, no exception this reality. inadequacies DMS by COGEDA (Coordination NGOs for Management Household Solid Waste Sanitation Cotonou) DST (Technical Services Directorate) town ha...

UNLABELLED Food produced with satisfactory hygienic standards is one of the essential conditions for promoting and preserving health. A total of 15 grocery and dairy shops were randomly selected from Alexandria, Egypt to assess their hand washing facilities and personal hygiene of food handlers using a pre-designed sanitation checklist. Also the bacteriological profile of the handlers' hand was...

1. Look as shit as an asset, the beginning of a whole sanitation value chain 2. Emphasize the role of the private sector in sanitation, in particular small scale private enterprises 3. Pay attention to the economics of investing in sanitation 4. Increase the efficiency of the sanitation value chain 5. Look at advantages of small scale decentralized versus large scale centralized waste water tre...

BACKGROUND According to the most recent estimates, 842,000 deaths in low- to middle-income countries were attributable to inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene in 2012. Despite billions of dollars and decades of effort, we still lack a sound understanding of which kinds of WASH interventions are most effective in improving public health outcomes, and an important corollary-whether the right ...

OBJECTIVE This study aimed to describe the spatial and temporal trends of Shigella incidence rates in Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China. It also intended to explore complex risk modes facilitating Shigella transmission. METHODS County-level incidence rates were obtained for analysis using geographic information system (GIS) tools. Trend surface and incidence maps were established t...

BACKGROUND Poor school sanitation and hygiene is a major problem in developing countries and remains high risk behaviour among primary school going children. Many outbreaks of gastrointestinal infections have been associated with primary schools. This research paper was designed to assess the factors influencing hygiene behaviour among school children. METHODS A cross sectional study was cond...

Hygiene promotion can greatly improve the benefits of water and sanitation programmes in developing countries at relatively limited costs. There are, however, few studies with hard data on the costs and effectiveness of individual programmes and even fewer have compared the cost-effectiveness of different promotional approaches. This article argues that objectively measured reductions of key sa...

BACKGROUND Increased mortality is associated with poor household water, sanitation, and hygiene (WaSH) practices. The objective was to study the WaSH practices for under-five children among households of Sugali Tribe, Chittoor district, Andhra Pradesh, India. METHODS A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in four mandals in 2012. A total of 500 households with under-five childr...