ali hossein najafi abrand abadi associate professor, shahid beheshti university mohammad jafar habibzadeh associate professor, department of law, tarbiat modares university abulfat'h khaleghi ph.d. student of criminal law, tarbiat modares university the imprisonment (custodial sentences) is the most common and expensive sanction in the criminal law, which has enjoyed hardly any success on ...

A theoretical framework is developed to generate tokamak equilibrium configurations for which, on one hand, the current results entirely from the bootstrap current source driven by the pressure gradient while, on the other hand, the pressure gradient is determined from the thermal conduction equation with a thermal diffusivity constructed to have properties observed in confinement experiments: ...

It has been proposed recently that the small size and long lifetime of ultracompact (UC) HII regions could be due to pressure confinement if the thermal pressure of the ambient gas is higher than previous estimates. We point out that confinement by thermal pressure alone implies emission measures in excess of observed values. We show that turbulent pressure, inferred from observed non-thermal v...

A novel plasma confinement concept based on plasma confinement by electromagnetic pressure of circularly polarized electromagnetic fields is proposed. Practical implementation of this concept in a toroidal device is suggested. In this concept the confining field frequency is in the lower range such that the size of the device is much smaller than the vacuum wavelength. Most of the previous radi...

The Levitated Dipole Experiment (LDX) [J. Kesner, et al. in Fusion Energy 1998 3, 1165 (1999)] is a new research facility that is exploring the confinement and stability of plasma created within the dipole field produced by a strong superconducting magnet. Unlike other configurations in which stability depends on curvature and magnetic shear, magnetohydrodynamic stability of a dipole derives fr...

In this paper I will review the dynamical models that attempt to explain the outflows in QSOs and Seyfert galaxies that are responsible for the blue shifted absorption lines observed in some of these objects. Most models face the difficulty that the absorbing gas appears to consist of very small, low filling factor clouds, that are likely to be hydrodynamically unstable, and require an interclo...

Many active matter systems are known to perform L\'{e}vy walks during migration or foraging. Such superdiffusive transport indicates long-range correlated dynamics. These behavior patterns have been observed for microswimmers such as bacteria in microfluidic experiments, where Gaussian noise assumptions insufficient explain the data. We introduce \textit{active L\'evy swimmers} model behavior. ...

We recall that according to [3], a function φ : X → [−∞,∞) is called quasiplurisubharmonic (quasi-psh for short) if it is locally equal to the sum of a smooth function and a plurisubharmonic (psh) function. Then there exist a constant C ∈ R such that √ −1∂∂φ ≥ −Cω in the sense of currents on X . We say that a function ψ has logarithmic poles if for each open set U ⊂ X there exist a family of ho...