the cholinergic and gabaergic .bers of the medial septal/diagonal band of broca (ms/db) area project to the hippocampus and constitute the septo-hippocampal pathway, which has been proven to play a role in learning and memory. in addition, the hippocampus has bidirectional connections with the septum so that to self-regulate of cholinergic input. the activity of septal and hippocampal neurons i...

The Cholinergic and GABAergic .bers of the medial septal/diagonal band of Broca (MS/DB) area project to the hippocampus and constitute the septo-hippocampal pathway, which has been proven to play a role in learning and memory. In addition, the hippocampus has bidirectional connections with the septum so that to self-regulate of cholinergic input. The activity of septal and hippocampal neuron...

Evidence suggests that central histaminergic neurons make important contributions to cardiovascular regulation. For example, histamine-containing neurons project to brain regions important for cardiovascular regulation. Furthermore, stimulation of central histamine receptors changes blood pressure and heart rate and alters activity of major vasoconstrictor systems. Finally, histamine metabolism...

Since ancient times ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), a constituent of bile, is used against gallstone formation and cholestasis. A neuroprotective action of UDCA was demonstrated recently in models of Alzheimer's disease and retinal degeneration. The mechanisms of UDCA action in the nervous system are poorly understood. We show now that UDCA promotes wakefulness during the active period of the day,...

The histaminergic system fulfills a major role in the maintenance of waking. Histaminergic neurons are located exclusively in the posterior hypothalamus from where they project to most areas of the central nervous system. The histamine H(3) receptors are autoreceptors damping histamine synthesis, the firing frequency of histamine neurons, and the release of histamine from axonal varicosities. I...

1. Abstract 2. Introduction 3. Brainstem arousal systems 3.1. The reticular formation 3.2. The cholinergic ponto-mesencephalic neurons 3.3. The noradrenergic locus coeruleus neurons 3.4. The dopaminergic ventral mesencephalic neurons 3.5. The serotonergic raphe neurons 4. Thalamo-cortical activating system 5. Hypothalamic arousal systems 5.1. The posterior hypothalamus 5.2. The histaminergic tu...