Molecular evidence indicates that the last common ancestor of the genus Pan and the hominin clade existed between 8 and 4 million years ago (Ma). The current fossil record indicates the Pan-Homo last common ancestor existed at least 5 Ma and most likely between 6 and 7 Ma. Together, the molecular and fossil evidence has important consequences for interpreting the evolutionary history of the han...

What do functionally important DNA sites, those scrutinized and shaped by natural selection, tell us about the place of humans in evolution? Here we compare approximately 90 kb of coding DNA nucleotide sequence from 97 human genes to their sequenced chimpanzee counterparts and to available sequenced gorilla, orangutan, and Old World monkey counterparts, and, on a more limited basis, to mouse. T...

the density functional theory (dft) and the natural bond orbital (nbo) calculations basedmethod b3lyp/6-31g* were carried out to study the interaction of carbon nanotube (8,0) withnitrobenzene in two situations perpendicular and parallel. formation energies of compounds,charges, the highest occupied molecular orbital (homo) and the lowest unoccupied molecular'orbital (lumo) and the homo-lumo ba...

Morphological and genetic analyses have yet to resolve the question of whether more than one species of Homo existed contemporaneously in the Pleistocene. In an effort to contribute a process-related perspective to hominid phylogenetic reconstruction, this paper uses an analogy to the northern wolf-like canids (the wolves and coyotes) to ask the question, How many Homo species should there be, ...

Homo sapiens and Mus musculus genomes have the similarity ranges from 70% to 90% with an average of 85%. Interleukin (IL) has 17 different families among which interleukin 2 (IL2) is present in both Homo sapiens and Mus musculus. IL2 activates the receptor named IL2-R which further proliferate lymphocytes such as T-cell and B-cell. IL2 is a glycosylated polypeptide lymphokine. It requires cleav...

Human intelligence has evolved along with the use of more and more sophisticated tools, allowing Homo Faber (from Homo Habilis to Homo Sapiens Sapiens) to cope with environment changes, as well as to adapt the environment to his needs. Analogously, in this seminal paper we introduce the notion of Agens Faber, conveying the idea that agent intelligence should not be considered as separated by th...

The quickening pace of paleontological discovery is matched by rapid developments in geochronology. These new data show that the pattern of morphological change in the hominid lineage was mosaic. Adaptations essential to bipedalism appeared early, but some locomotor features changed much later. Relative to the highly derived postcrania of the earliest hominids, the craniodental complex was quit...