Recognition is considered a critical basis for discriminatory behaviours in animals. Theoretically, recognition and discrimination of parasitic chicks are not predicted to evolve in hosts of brood parasitic birds that evict nest-mates. Yet, an earlier study showed that host reed warblers (Acrocephalus scirpaceus) of an evicting parasite, the common cuckoo (Cuculus canorus), can avoid the costs ...

Kin selection theory predicts altruism between related individuals, which requires the ability to recognize kin from non-kin. In insects, kin discrimination associated with altruistic behaviour is well-known in clonal and social species but in very few solitary insects. Here, we report that the solitary larvae of a non-social insect Aleochara bilineata Gyll. (Coleoptera; Staphylinidae) show kin...

INTRODUCTION In Kenya, human rights violations have a marked impact on the health of people living with HIV. Integrating legal literacy and legal services into healthcare appears to be an effective strategy to empower vulnerable groups and address underlying determinants of health. METHODS We carried out an evaluation to collect evidence about the impact of legal empowerment programmes on hea...

The stable isotope values of nitrogen (δ 15 N) and carbon 13 C) have been widely used in ecological studies to decipher the trophic relationships interactions that occur between living organisms. aim this study was determine relationship a commercially important tropical Australian marine fish ( Protonibea diacanthus (Lacepède, 1802)) (Sciaenidae) its associated parasites, through analysis N δ ...

Two groups of rabbits were trained on a brightness discrimination task. A two-choice discrimination apparatus was used. By means of food reward one group of rabbits was trained to open the darkest gate, the other was trained to open the brightest gate. The second group learned significantly faster than the first one.

Football, a beloved game that is enjoyed by people of all races, ethnicities, genders, and orientations, unfortunately marred racism discrimination. To combat this, the Eastern European Development Program was launched during EURO 2012 to build infrastructure in two host countries. This paper examines implementation transnational advocacy network conducting Program, how FARE Network used it cap...

Musical priming research has reported that sensory consonance/dissonance judgements for a target chord were faster when targets were musically related to a musical prime context. The present study extended this context effect to a timbre discrimination task. This new task allowed us to investigate whether musical priming results from congruency effects similar to those reported in other domains...

To understand the co-existence of rejection and acceptance of cuckoo eggs within a host population, the mechanism of egg discrimination and the cost–benefit balance of rejection behaviour were investigated. At a study site in central Japan, rejection rate of cuckoo, Cuculus canorus, eggs by great reed warblers, Acrocephalus arundinaceus, was 61·5%. An analysis of host response to natural and ex...

The effect of task duration on odor discrimination in aging was studied. Twenty-seven young male adults and 24 young female adults between 18 and 30 years of age, and 17 older male adults between 45 and 65 years of age completed an odor discrimination task. The odor discrimination task consisted of two parts of 16 trials each in which, from three bottles consisting of two identical and one aber...