Walking humans spontaneously select different speed, frequency and step length combinations, depending on which of these three parameters is specified. This behavior can be explained by constrained optimization of cost of transport (metabolic cost/distance) where cost of transport is seen as the main component of an underlying objective function that is minimized within the limitations of speci...

BACKGROUND Studies of endurance running have typically involved elite athletes, small sample sizes and measures that require special expertise or equipment. METHODS We examined factors associated with race performance and explored methods for race time prediction using information routinely available to a recreational runner. An Internet survey was used to collect data from recreational endur...

BACKGROUND The age of peak performance in elite endurance athletes has been investigated for elite marathoners, but not for elite Ironman triathletes. The aim of this study was to analyze the age of peak performance in swimming (3.8 km), cycling (180 km), running (42 km), and overall race time for elite female and male Ironman triathletes competing in Ironman Switzerland, a qualifier for the Ir...

We study the finely tuned SSM, recently proposed by Arkani-Hamed and Dimopoulos, at the one loop level. The runnings of the four gaugino Yukawa couplings, the µ term, the gaugino masses, and the Higgs quartic coupling are computed. The Higgs mass is found to be 130 – 170 GeV for M s > 10 6 GeV. If the Yukawa coupling constants are measured at the 1% level, this can determine the SUSY breaking s...

Mice selectively bred for high wheel-running activity (S) have decreased fat content compared to mice from randomly bred control (C) lines. We explored whether this difference was associated with alterations in levels of circulating hormones involved in regulation of food intake and energy balance, and whether alterations were caused by the presence of a running wheel. Plasma levels of leptin, ...

BACKGROUND Marathon (42 km) and 100 km ultramarathon races are increasing in popularity. The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential associations of anthropometric and training variables with performance in these long-distance running competitions. METHODS Training and anthropometric data from a large cohort of marathoners and 100 km ultramarathoners provided the basis of th...

Pacing strategy has been investigated in elite 100 km and elite 161 km (100 mile) ultra-marathoners, but not in age group ultra-marathoners. This study investigated changes in running speed over segments in male elite and age group 100 km ultra-marathoners with the assumption that running speed would decrease over segments with increasing age of the athlete. Running speed during segments in mal...

Examples of animals that switch activity times between nocturnality and diurnality in nature are relatively infrequent. Furthermore, the mechanism for switching activity time is not clear: does a complete inversion of the circadian system occur in conjunction with activity pattern? Are there switching centers downstream from the internal clock that interpret the clock differently? Or does the s...