BACKGROUND Household air pollution (HAP) from biomass fuel burning is linked to poor health outcomes. Improved biomass cookstoves (ICS) have the potential to improve HAP. OBJECTIVES A pre-/post- intervention study assessed the impact of six ICS on indoor air quality and acceptability of ICS to local users in rural Western Kenya. METHODS We measured mean personal and kitchen level concentrat...

The integration of Industrial Control Systems (ICS) with IT systems has increased the ICS’ exposure to cyber threats. We have seen a tremendous increase in the number of security incidents happened to ICS in the past five years. This requires the ICS to provide effective incident response capabilities to counteract security attacks. Previous research on ICS incident response has been focusing o...

The association of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) and pneumonia in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is still controversial.From the National Health Insurance Database of Taiwan, COPD cases with history of acute exacerbation (AE) were identified (COPD cohort). Time-dependent Cox regression analysis was applied to investigate the risk factors for pneumonia with COPD sever...

The objectives of the present study were to determine the use of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) for treating recurrent bronchial obstruction (rBO) in young children up to 2 yrs of age and to assess possible modifying effects of ICS on lung function in young children with rBO. From an observational, noninterventional birth cohort of 3,754 newborn children (3,697 with complete questionnaire data b...

CONTEXT Half of children experience wheezing by age 6 years, and optimal strategies for preventing severe exacerbations are not well defined. OBJECTIVE Synthesize the evidence of the effects of daily inhaled corticosteroids (ICS), intermittent ICS, and montelukast in preventing severe exacerbations among preschool children with recurrent wheeze. DATA SOURCES Medline (1946, 2/25/15), Embase ...

Matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) secreted by macrophages potentially contributes to plaque rupture. Because large quantities of immunoglobulin G and ICs (ICs), including low density lipoprotein-containing ICs (LDL-ICs), are present in atherosclerotic lesions, we examined the effect of LDL-ICs on macrophage MMP-1 expression. With the use of ICs prepared with human LDL and rabbit anti-LDL antis...

The nephron cortical collecting duct (CCD) is composed of principal cells, which mediate Na, K, and water transport, and intercalated cells (ICs), which are specialized for acid-base transport. There are two canonical IC forms: acid-secreting α-ICs and HCO3-secreting β-ICs. Chronic acidosis increases α-ICs at the expense of β-ICs, thereby increasing net acid secretion by the CCD. We found by gr...

BACKGROUND A combination therapy with inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) and a long-acting beta agonist (LABA) is recommended in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients experiencing frequent exacerbations. Currently, there are five ICS/LABA combination products available on the market. The purpose of this study was to systematically review the efficacy of various ICS/LABA combina...

AIMS The working group initiated by the ICS Standardisation Steering Committee has updated the International Continence Society Standard "Good Urodynamic Practice" published in 2002. METHODS On the basis of the manuscript: "ICS standard to develop evidence-based standards," a new ICS Standard was developed in the period from December 2013 to December 2015. In July, a draft was posted on the I...