BACKGROUND Normally, chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) has been studied using echo-colour Doppler (ECD). Subjects are examined in the supine and sitting positions, in accordance with a static protocol without rotation of the head. A dynamic approach, to assess venous sizes with different degrees of head rotation, has only been performed to improve jugular venous catheterisation...

OBJECTIVE To establish a detailed technical procedure for studying the anatomical correlates of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency in cadavers of multiple sclerosis and control subjects, and to present our findings of the normal anatomic venous structures, with reference to previous descriptions from the literature. METHODS This study examined the internal jugular veins (IJVs), the b...

Integrating boundary spanning and organizational identification theories, we posit that a spanner’s (i.e., the sense of oneness with an organization) is important factor shaping inter-organizational relationships. We examined CEOs international joint ventures (IJVs) as spanners in Asia Pacific region by sampling 185 China-based IJVs. found IJV’s CEO parent firm positively related to cooperation...

BACKGROUND Internal Jugular Veins (IJVs) are the principle outflow pathway for intracranial blood in clinostatism condition. In the seated position, IJVs collapse, while Vertebral Veins (VVs) increase the venous outflow and partially compensate the venous drainage. Spinal Epidural Veins are an additional drainage pathway in the seated position. Colour- Doppler-Sonography (CDS) examination is ab...

This study examines the relationship between manifest conflict and marketing performance via the international joint venture (IJV) market entry mode in Thailand. The primary data for the study were collected from a self-administered mail survey of 1,047 Thai-Foreign IJVs in Thailand. The criteria for inclusion in the sample was that no joint venture partner could have less than 20 percent equit...

Knowledge management is the conscious and active management of creating, disseminating, evolving and applying knowledge to strategic ends. In this paper, we examine knowledge management in the context of international joint ventures (IJVs), activities that cut across organizational and national boundaries, to show how to manage the behavioral and contextual considerations to create value for th...

Prior research has found that many international joint ventures (IJVs) fail. Some authors have suggested that control problems are one of the primary causes of IJV failures. However, little IJV-related research has focused on control issues. This paper reports the results of a largely exploratory study of the control practices employed by partners involved in three arguably successful IJVs. The...

Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) is a syndrome characterized by stenosies of the internal jugular and/or azygous veins (IJVs-AZ) with opening of collaterals and insufficient drainage proved by reduced cerebral blood flow and increased mean transit time in cerebral MRI perfusional study. The present review is aimed to give a comprehensive overview of the actual status of the ar...

Alliance raises many knowledge transfer and interfirm learning issues that have implications for how the alliance partners manage their cooperative learning activities in the alliance system. Many of these implications are grounded in the assumption that partners in the alliances have routines for transferring knowledge, learning, gaining management efficiencies. Thus organisations can support ...