4AQR 4-Aminoquinoline retinopathy 4AQs 4-Aminoquinolines (chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine) ABW Actual body weight APC Antigen presenting cell BCVA Best corrected visual acuity C Chloroquine C p G ODN C p G oligodeoxynucleotide CV Color vision CYP Cytochrome P450 enzymes DFE Dilated fundus examination DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid ERK Extracellular signal-regulated kinases FP Ferriprotoporphyrin ...

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by different species of the genus Mycobacte‐ ria. Together with human immunodeficiency virus infection (HIV)/Acquired Immunodefi‐ ciency Syndrome (AIDS) and malaria, tuberculosis is one of the biggest killers in the Word (Rodríguez-Morales AJ et al 2008, Murcia-Aranguren MI et al 2001). Human disease is usu‐ ally caused by Mycobacterium tubercul...

Introduction: Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has improved outcomes for individuals infected with human immunodefi ciency virus (HIV). This study describes the causes of death in hospitalised HIV-positive patients from 2008 to 2010 in Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the national referral centre for HIV management in Singapore. Materials and Methods: Data were retrospectively collected from...

In London on September 11-12, 2000, the Royal Society—the independent scientifi c academy in Britain, the counterpart to the U.S. National Academy of Science—hosted a discussion meeting on the “Origins of HIV and the AIDS epidemic.” The brochure about the meeting gave this synopsis: “HIV-1 and HIV-2 causing AIDS are new human viruses of animal origin. When, how and why these cross-species infec...

Background: The human immunodefi ciency virus (HIV), acquired immune defi ciency syndrome (AIDS), hepatitis B and syphilis have a common mode of transmission, which is through sexual intercourse. These are also transmitted percutaneously and by blood transfusion. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of HIV, hepatitis B and syphilis among victims of sexual assault by analysi...

Introduction Cryptococcus neoformans is an encapsulated yeast fi rst isolated by Busse in 1894 from the tibia of a 31-year-old woman [1]. Lungs are considered the initial site of almost all cryptoccocal infections, and the second clinically more relevant after central nervous system. The pattern of pulmonary disease is extremely variable, ranging from asymptomatic saprophytic airway colonizatio...

Background: Antiretroviral (ARV) drugs have become the cornerstone of HIV (Human Immunodefi ciency Virus) care and treatment. Its use has led to a marked reduction in AIDS (Acquired Immune Defi ciency Syndrome) related morbidity and mortality. However, more than fi ve years after their introduction few HIV infected people in Nepal are receiving ARVs. Objective: The main aim of this study is to ...

I 1982 four words caused panic across the world, changing the way many thought about disease and survival. Those words were acquired immune defi ciency syndrome, or AIDS, which is caused by the human immunodefi ciency virus, or HIV. Deaths from this disease increased throughout the years without any end in sight. The United States suffered its share of deaths and the most deaths were experience...

Background: India has the third largest number of individuals with human immunodefi ciency virus (HIV)/acquired immune defi ciency syndrome after South Africa and Nigeria. Co-infection of HIV with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and the hepatitis C viruses (HCV) is a common event due to the similar routes of transmission. The study is designed to evaluate the status of co-infection by HBV, HCV viru...

V iruses are intracellular pathogens that are subject to intense selective pressures during their ongoing battles within the host. To propagate successfully, they must exploit numerous machineries of the infected cell. Thus, studies of their replicative cycles have yielded fundamental insights into eukaryotic biology. A prime example is the human immunodefi ciency virus (HIV), which is a lentiv...