background according to world health organization (who) estimation, more than half of all pharmaceutical products are inappropriately prescribed, distributed, and sold and more than half of all patients use the medicines prescribed for them incorrectly. as more than 40% of therapeutic costs are pharmaceutical costs, this implies a significant waste of health resources in the world. objectives t...

This paper re-assesses the panel (unit root test) evidence for PPP on four monthly data sets. We discuss and illustrate that commonly-used first generation panel unit root tests are inappropriate for PPP analysis since they are constructed for cross-sectionally uncorrelated panels. Given that real exchange rate panel data sets are – almost by construction – highly cross-sectionally correlated, ...

the rapid growth of urbanization in the world has led to centralization, intensity and speed of urban life in addition, the lack of efficient public transport system that is responsive to the needs of citizens has led to an increase in the use of private vehicles and consequently has increased the demand for parking in cities and has caused heavy and severe traffic in cities. furthermore, the u...