We consider an interaction between a donor and a recipient where the actions of a donor produce multiple results to the recipient. There are Optimists and Pessimists who focus on the best and worst outcomes among them as a recipient of the interaction, respectively, and they try to reflect on their experience in their next action as a donor. What is the effect on the emergence of cooperation? T...

A laboratory study was conducted to evaluate the benefits (if any) associated with the incorporation of polyamines in the priming media for hybrid sunflower achene priming. Achenes were subjected to hydropriming for 24 h and in the solutions containing 10 mg L spermidine and putrescine for 24 h. All the achene priming treatments resulted in improved germination and early seedling growth. Primin...

Francisella tularensis is a gram-negative coccobacillus and the etiologic agent of the zoonotic disease tularemia. First described in 1911 in Tulare County, California, it has since been reported throughout the Northern Hemisphere, with natural infections reported among an unusually wide range of vertebrates and invertebrates. In recent years, tularemia has emerged in new geographic locations, ...

evaluation of soil microorganisms and their beneficial relationships among ecosystem components is one of new topic in soil resource management for ensuring sustainable agriculture. in order to investigating effects of trichoderma spp. and different organic manures on improvement of growth and development in soybean [glycine max (l.) merril.], an experiment was conducted at glasshouse in sari a...

every one of the scholars in theology, philosophy and mysticism has their own methodologies for explaining and proving the necessity for the existence of the perfect man. theologians have applied the ‘rule of grace’ in this regard. philosophers tend to prove the existence of the perfect man by means of ‘the holy capability of the acquired intellect (aql al-mustafad)’ as well as ‘divine wisdom’....

the wood boring beetle, chrysobothris affinis is the most destructive pest of albezia lebeck in landscape of ahwaz. population fluctuations of the pest were investigated on albezia lebbeck in ahwaz landscape during 2010 - 2011. sampling was monthly performed. in each sampling date, ten trees were randomly chosen and damage symptoms of the pest were monitored. when damage symptoms observed in st...

Predictions of emergent phenomena, appearing on the macroscopic layer a complex system, can fail if they are made by microscopic model. This study demonstrates and analyses this claim well-known Conway’s Game Life. Straightforward mean-field models easily capable predicting such properties after have been fitted to simulation data in an after-the-fact way. Thus, these predictions macro-to-macro...