In this paper, we present a model for propagation of intense and ultrashort laser pulses ionizing dielectrics. We consider early ionization so that this process is sufficiently weak to avoid requiring a complete description of the ionization process (e.g. the use of kinetic equations which are very expensive from a computational point of view). As the intensity of the field is small, one photon...

After a short discussion on cell interactions in general and inductive interactions in particular, the almost completely epigenetic nature of amphibian development is emphasized. In the symmetrized egg undergoing cleavage a large-scale inductive interaction occurs which leads to the formation of the meso-endoderm. Meso-endoderm formation gives rise to the morphogenic process of gastrulation. In...

We applied inductive learning to a problem, engineering design optimization, for which the applicability of inductive learning is not immediately obvious. In this paper we describe how we were able to formulate two pieces of the optimization problem as inductive learning problems, and we describe some of the lessons that we learned in the process.

A dual-process model for recall is described, which is based on an architecture for the inductive learning of symbolic categories. The dual-process mechanism (generate-and-recognize) is shown to follow directly as a consequence of the inductive learning method used.

On-Chip inductance modeling of VLSI interconnects is presented which captures 3D geometry from layout design and process technology information. Analytical formulae are derived for quick and accurate inductance estimation which can be used in circuit simulations and whole chip extraction screening process. Circuit simulations show critical global wire inductive effects as well as power and grou...

Previous models of category-based induction have neglected how the process of induction unfolds over time. We conceive of induction as a dynamic process and provide the first fine-grained examination of the distribution of response times observed in inductive reasoning. We used these data to develop and empirically test the first major quantitative modeling scheme that simultaneously accounts f...

Recent progress in femtosecond (fs) tera-watt (TW) laser development has raised a new fundamental question in atomic and molecular physics, i.e., how atoms and molecules react against an intense electromagnetic field. As is well known, an atom exposed to photons of relatively low flux density is ionized only if the photon energy exceeds the ionization potential of the atom. On the other hand, w...

Recently a number of techniques have combined laser ablation with liquid capture for mass spectrometry spot sampling and imaging applications. The newly developed noncontact liquid-vortex capture probe has been used to efficiently collect material ablated by a 355 nm UV laser in a continuous flow solvent stream in which the captured material dissolves and then undergoes electrospray ionization....

Direct dissociative ionization is the simplest three-body breakup process in H2. We describe the experimental verification of direct dissociative ionization to the repulsive A2Sigma(+)(u) state by resolving the kinetic energy and angular distributions of the formed protons. A (2+1) resonant enhanced multiphoton ionization process via the isotropic E,F (1)Sigma(+)(g)(v = 6,J = 0) level is employ...