In this paper we use the concept of emergent representations issue from decomposition along two axes: collective/individual and internal/external. In a collective/internal composition, emergent representations are seen as internal, stable and non-reactive complex adaptive systems. Based on natural optimization algorithms, like Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Ant Colony Optimization (ACO),...

For the first time, the latent heat of fusion DHm for Sn particles formed by evaporation on inert substrate with radii ranging from 5 to 50 nm has been measured directly using a novel scanning nanocalorimeter. A particle-size-dependent reduction of DHm has been observed. An “excluded volume” is introduced to describe the latent heat of fusion from the enhanced surface melting of small particles...

One way to unambiguously confirm the existence of particle dark matter and determine its mass would be to detect its annihilation into monochromatic gamma-rays in upcoming telescopes. One of the most minimal models for dark matter is the inert doublet model, obtained by adding another Higgs doublet with no direct coupling to fermions. For a mass between 40 and 80 GeV, the lightest of the new in...

The cytoskeleton (CSK) is a nonequilibrium polymer network that uses hydrolyzable sources of free energy such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to remodel its internal structure. As in inert nonequilibrium soft materials, CSK remodeling has been associated with structural rearrangements driven by energy-activated processes. We carry out particle tracking and traction microscopy measurements of al...

A method for the determination of the oxygen content in magnesium and magnesium alloys has been developed. Inert gas fusion-infrared absorptiometry was modified by introducing a multistep heating process; a sample containing oxygen is fused with tin to form an eutectic mixture at 900°C in a graphite crucible, followed by a subsequent gradual temperature increase of up to 2000°C, which enables t...

Alveolar macrophages (AMs) express the class A scavenger receptor macrophage receptor with collagenous structure (MARCO), but its role in vivo in lung defense against bacteria and environmental particles has not been studied. We used MARCO-deficient mice to directly test the in vivo role of AM MARCO in innate defense against pneumococcal infection and environmental particles. In a murine model ...

We study equilibrium properties of a catalytically-activated annihilation A + A → 0 reaction taking place on a one-dimensional chain of length N (N → ∞) in which some segments (placed at random, with mean concentration p) possess special, catalytic properties. Annihilation reaction takes place, as soon as any two A particles land onto two vacant sites at the extremities of the catalytic segment...

Based on the model of a ”soft” cellular space and deterministic quantum mechanics developed previously, the scattering of a free moving particle by structural units of the space – superparticles – is studied herein. The process of energy and inert mass transmission from the moving particle to superparticles and hence the creation of elementary excitations of the space – inertons – are analyzed ...

Gas-phase silver nanoparticles were coated with silicon dioxide (SiO2) by photoinduced chemical vapor deposition (photo-CVD). Silver nanoparticles, produced by inert gas condensation, and a SiO2 precursor, tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS), were exposed to vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) radiation at atmospheric pressure and varying temperatures. The VUV photons dissociate the TEOS precursor, initiating ...