Background: Informal payments can cause delayed access to health care services, forcing people to sell their properties for cost of treatment; and as a result, they lose trust in the health system. Considering the importance of this issue, this study was conducted in 2016 to identify solutions to reduce and eliminate informal payments in Iran’s health system.    Methods: Initia...

BACKGROUND It is well known that informal caregiving negatively affects caregivers' mental health, while social activities improve mental health outcomes among middle-aged and elderly individuals. The goal of the present study was to examine how participation in social activities affected the trajectory of an informal caregiver's psychological distress. METHODS We used the data from a nationw...

Informal participation in science is being recognized as an important way of developing science learning both for children and adults. Mobile learning has particular properties that have potential in informal science settings, particularly outside traditional educational settings. Mobile technologies provide new opportunities for learners to engage with science on the move. This paper reviews t...

Although in most of the rural development plans, relocation of informal settlements is oftenconsidered as an efficient solution to increase safety of rural communities against natural and man-made disasters,such as, earthquakes, fire hazards, floods, etc. an evaluation of recent experiences in the relocation projects show thatthe relocated community is often unsatisfied with the new residential...

This paper is concerned with the saddle-path stability of monetary growth rules in a two-country two-sector dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model. Alongside standard features of emerging economies, such as a combination of producer and local currency pricing for exports, fiscal dominance and oil exports, this model also incorporates informal labour and production sectors and examines how...

Recent scholarship shows that social capital has a large influence on political behavior. Social capital’s definition includes trust, norms of reciprocity, and social networks. Most studies, however, ignore the networking component. Here, we test the influence of social networks on political participation using new Japanese survey data. We separately test the effects of involvement in formally ...

This analysis provides two case studies comparing direct payment versus charitable donations on respondents' behalf as survey participation incentives. The first examines agricultural producers' willingness to participate in several hypothetical surveys. Donation charity significantly increases relative payment. second study forest landowners' an actual, one-time survey. Neither nor donation in...

based on existing literature social capital is defined as a set of norms and rules and informal networks that provide association, trust and collective action to obtain the public good. the empowerment projects of world bank that has been implemented in many third world countries in the late 1980s followed by a non-reductionist non- physical approach integration of cultural and socio- economic ...

To better understand the conditions that most effectively stimulate creative participation online, a crowdsourcing project was implemented on Amazon’s Mechanical Turk, collecting 4200 written and visual submissions from online participants. An experimental research design tested the impact of specific incentive structures (i.e. financial rewards, bonuses, specification of project purpose, attri...