population injected drugs in the six months before arrest.45 If we assume from our data that 8% of them were HIV positive that gives an estimated total of 203 HIV positive male drug injectors in the sentenced population. The corresponding figures for women (about 168 recent injectors, and 15% HIV positive) suggest a total of 25 HIV positive women in prison. At any time, therefore, the total num...

Engine control policies are mostly based on the assumption that all injectors have the same behavior independent of location and aging. In reality, injectors do vary and age. To contain variations around a nominal value, tight tolerances are imposed on the manufacturing process. Even if the manufacturing process is tightly controlled, the air-to-fuel ratio needed to satisfy emission constraints...

Recently, there has been interest in developing a dependability benchmarks for computer systems. This will require a way to inject several different types of faults into many different platforms and a way to collect and compare the results. Analyzing complex heterogeneous distributed systems share the same needs. The current approach to building fault injection tool is inappropriate for these g...

Three different injectors, each 25 mm in length and with diameters of 6, 4, and 3 mm, respectively, were tested with low-pressure injections of 250 ml of water into 23 different species of fruit-trees, woodland and ornamental trees at different times of year. The 6 and 4 mm injectors performed well, yielding uptake of 75±100% of water volume 1 or 48 h after injection, depending on the species; ...

Needle-free liquid jet injectors were invented >50 years ago for the delivery of proteins and vaccines. Despite their long history, needle-free liquid jet injectors are not commonly used as a result of frequent pain and bruising. We hypothesized that pain and bruising originate from the deep penetration of the jets and can potentially be addressed by minimizing the penetration depth of jets int...

BACKGROUND We report on an exploratory qualitative study investigating drug injectors' narratives of vein damage and groin (femoral vein) injection associated with the injection of crack-heroin speedball. METHODS We undertook 44 in-depth qualitative interviews among injectors of crack-heroin speedball in Bristol and London, England, in 2006. FINDINGS The data suggest an emerging culture of ...

Ketamine, a synthetic drug commonly consumed by high risk youth, produces a range of experiences, including sedation, dissociation, and hallucinations. While ketamine is more typically sniffed, we describe a small sample of young ketamine injectors (n=25) in New York City and highlight risks associated with this emerging type of injection drug use. Our findings indicate that the injection pract...

BACKGROUND Adolescents with severe allergies are at particular risk of severe and fatal anaphylactic reactions. Epinephrine (adrenaline) is known to be under-utilized by teenagers. OBJECTIVE We sought to gain knowledge of adolescents' attitudes towards and experience of epinephrine auto-injectors in order to inform improvements in patient education. METHODS A qualitative study of adolescent...