The constraining effect of gene flow on adaptive divergence is often inferred but rarely quantified. We illustrate ways of doing so using stream populations of threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) that experience different levels of gene flow from a parapatric lake population. In the Misty Lake watershed (British Columbia, Canada), the inlet stream population is morphologically diver...

Poor drainage of urban storm water can lead to urban inundation which presents a risk to people and property. Previous research has presented various measures to prevent and reduce urban flooding and these measures can be classified into costly but effective structural measures, and economical but less effective non-structural measures. This study suggests a new approach to reduce urban floodin...

We investigated the interplay between natural selection and gene flow in the adaptive divergence of threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) that reside parapatrically in lakes and streams. Within the Misty Lake system (Vancouver Island, British Columbia), stickleback from the inlet stream (flowing into the lake) have fewer gill rakers and deeper bodies than stickleback from the lake--di...

The prevention of airborne infections in emergency departments is a very important issue. This study investigated the effects of architectural features on airborne pathogen dispersion in emergency departments by using a CFD (computational fluid dynamics) simulation tool. The study included three architectural features as the major variables: increased ventilation rate, inlet and outlet diffuser...

Question: How do genetic and plastic effects on maternal investment influence divergence between parapatric populations that do or do not show high gene flow? How might these patterns influence adaptation and progress towards ecological speciation? Organisms: Wild-caught and laboratory-reared lake, inlet stream, and outlet stream threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) from the Misty La...

This paper presents a complete closed-form timedomain analysis of the blocking probability of time-driven switching (TDS) for the single node case. In this work blocking is defined as the occurrence in which transmission resources are available in both inlet and outlet, but there is no schedule. The main constraints for finding a schedule are: (i) the load and (ii) the maximum scheduling delay ...

The control valve operates at high operation frequency (up to 1,000 Hz) in the large pressure differences between the inlet and outlet of the valve. The flow and operation characteristics of a high-speed electromagnetic control valve are investigated using a commercial software, CFD-ACE+. It is found that maximum operation frequency of the control valve depends on the applied electromagnetic fo...