Since the mid-1990s, investigational sites in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) have been increasingly utilized by pharmaceutical companies because of their high productivity in terms of patient enrolment into clinical trials. Based on the FDA's publicly accessible Clinical Investigator Inspection List, we present an analysis of findings and outcome classifications from FDA insp...

Cleanroom programming and code inspections independently provide evidence that it is more eecient to postpone the testing of code to a later stage than is usually done. This paper argues that an additional gain in quality and eeciency of development can be obtained by structuring inspections by means of an inspection protocol. The written part of such a protocol is prepared by the programmer be...

This paper theoretically and empirically examines the conventional wisdom in procurement management that often portrays supply inspections and supplier plant inspections as substitutes. We develop a theoretical model that focuses on potential internal spillover costs of the buyer receiving low-quality inputs and external spillover costs should low-quality inputs go undetected. Key to our analys...

Each year, the United States conducts approximately 20,000 inspections of manufacturing plants under the Clean Air Act. This paper compiles a panel dataset on plant-level inspections, fines, and emissions to understand whether these inspections actually reduce air emissions. We find plants reduce air emissions by fifteen percent, on average, following an inspection under the Clean Air Act. Plan...

Software inspections are widely accepted as an effective technique in the battle against defects. However, most of the evidence for this is based on studies using procedural code. To investigate the use of inspections with Object-Oriented code, it is important to firstly gain the opinions of those in the front line of software development software engineers in industry and find out what the rea...

Restaurants in the United States are regularly inspected by health departments, but few data exist regarding the effect of restaurant inspections on food safety. We examined statewide inspection records from January 1993 through April 2000. Data were available from 167,574 restaurant inspections. From 1993 to 2000, mean scores rose steadily from 80.2 to 83.8. Mean inspection scores of individua...