background: above all methods effective learning results from decent training, acquired in the proper environment and encouraging creative methods. computer-assisted training by educational software is considered a fundamental measure to improve medical and dentistry education systems. this study aims to design and assess fixed dental prostheses via 2 multimedia instructional contents at the gu...

The article has three main concerns: (i) it gives a concise introduction into optimality-theoretic pragmatics; (ii) it discusses the relation to alternative accounts (relevance theory and Levinson's theory of presumptive meanings); (iii) it reviews recent findings concerning the psychological reality of optimality-theoretic pragmatics and its central part concept – bidirectional optimization. A...

the present investigation was designed to study the production and comprehension of specific means for information highlighted by advanced iranian learners of english as a foreign language. the study focused on the discourse-pragmatically motivated variations of the basic word order such as inversion, pre-posing, it- and wh-clefts. after taking the nelson test, a homogeneous group was settled. ...

pragmatic aspect of second language (l2) as a component of communicative competence has recently received more attention. many research studies have investigated the gap between native and nonnative speakers’ command of l2 pragmatics. however, development of l2 pragmatics has been the focus of few studies. in this study, how coursebooks can help both nonnative teachers and learners develop l2 p...

This study used a pre-test post-test research design to investigate the role of explicit strategy instruction on Spanish English as foreign language (EFL) learners’ ability write authentic email requests faculty. Drawing Taguchi’s (2018) classification pragmatics learning strategies, instructional intervention followed strategy-based approach help learners understand form–function–context mappi...

in this article, on the basis of habermas’ universal pragmatics, we have tried to indicate that empirical pragmatics in linguistics, suffers from ‘normativity deficit’ in the field of foreign language education. what we mean by ‘normativity deficit’, is the lack of normative resources required for judging the validity claims inherent in social interactions. since agreement on the validity claim...