Mechanistic analysis of the reaction between elemental sulfur or selenium and 1,3-dialkylimidazolium acetate ionic liquids, in the absence of an external base or solvent, affords evidence for the equilibrium presence of carbene species in these ionic liquids. It demonstrates the potential to control, through anion selection, the concentration of carbene in stable ionic liquids.

Ionic liquids exhibit a remarkably diverse interfacial chemistry. Recent theoretical and experimental results show that conventional double layers do not form on metal electrodes in ionic liquid systems, rather a multilayer morphology is present. The number of layers and the strength of adsorption are strongly dependent on ionic liquid chemical species, solutes and applied electrode potential. ...

This work concerns electrostatic properties of an ionic solution with multiple ionic species of possibly different ionic sizes. Such properties are described by the minimization of an electrostatic free-energy functional of ionic concentrations. Bounds are obtained for ionic concentrations with low electrostatic free energies. Such bounds are used to show that there exists a unique set of equil...

The ionic fragmentation following B 1s and C 1s excitation of three isomeric carborane cage compounds [closo-dicarbadodecaboranes: orthocarborane (1,2-C2B10H12), metacarborane (1,7-C2B10H12), and paracarborane (1,12-C2B10H12)] is compared with the energetics of decomposition. The fragmentation yields for all three molecules are quite similar. Thermodynamic cycles are constructed for neutral and...

Some biological aspects of semen were investigated in the Persian sturgeon, Acipenser persicus, by determination of seminal plasma indices (ionic composition and osmolality), sperm density and their relationships with sperm motility. The osmolality of seminal plasma ranged from 42.00 to 111.00 mOsmol Kg-1. The concentrations of Sodium (Na+), Potassium (K+), Chloride (Cl-), Calcium (Ca2+) and Ma...

Stable isotopes (Deuterium and Oxygen-18) have a broad application in many of water related sciences. Precipitation is the most important input to the water cycle which shows considrable spatial and temporal variability in its isotope content. To study the precipitation isotope content, 51 samples from August 2015 to July 2016 have been collected mainly on a monthly basis with few events based ...

Competitive adsorption of counterions of multiple species to charged surfaces is studied by a size-effect-included mean-field theory and Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. The mean-field electrostatic free-energy functional of ionic concentrations, constrained by Poisson's equation, is numerically minimized by an augmented Lagrangian multiplier method. Unrestricted primitive models and canonical ens...

The Rb+(K+) efflux of erythrocytes from six mammalian species was investigated in solutions of physiological and low ionic strength. A species dependent increase of the Rb+(K+) efflux in low ionic strength solution could be observed. The rate constant of Rb+(K+) efflux of erythrocytes in physiological ionic strength solution correlates with the content of arachidonic acid of the membrane phosph...

Molecular heterogeneity of estrogen receptors in cytosols from human breast carcinomas was demonstrated with regard to size and surface ionic charge. Following separation of the molecular forms of estrogen receptors into either the 8S or the 4S species by sedimentation on linear gradients of sucrose, diethylaminoethyl cellulose chromatography was used to fractionate the various com ponents in t...

Molecular heterogeneity of estrogen receptors in cytosols from human breast carcinomas was demonstrated with regard to size and surface ionic charge. Following separation of the molecular forms of estrogen receptors into either the 8S or the 4S species by sedimentation on linear gradients of sucrose, diethylaminoethyl cellulose chromatography was used to fractionate the various com ponents in t...